PSYCHOLOGY 3e Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Treatment to make people feel better and function more effectively herapy

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Two Kinds of Modern Therapy Two types of therapy: ** Psychotherapy: Involves a person talking to a psychological professional about the person’s problems Insight Action Goals Biomedical therapy: Uses a medical procedure to bring about changes in behavior Drugs Surgical methods Electric shock treatments

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Early Treatment 1500s: Mentally ill confined to asylums Treatments harsh, often damaging Philippe Pinel: Psychiatrist Demanded humane treatment of the mentally ill

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis: Therapy to reveal unconscious conflicts Dream interpretation –Manifest content –Latent content ** Free association –Patient is encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations. Resistance Transference

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Psychoanalysis Today Psychodynamic therapy: Newer term for psychoanalysis More focus on ego transference Shorter treatment Directive: Therapist actively gives interpretations of client’s statements and may suggest certain behavior, actions

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Interpersonal Therapy Interpersonal therapy: Insight therapy focused on relationships and the events of everyday life, developed to address depression

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Rogers’s Person-Centered Therapy Person-centered therapy Nondirective insight therapy Based on work of Carl Rogers Client talks, therapist listens 15.3 What are the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person- centered therapy and Gestalt therapy?

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Authenticity Empathy ** Unconditional positive regard warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client Reflection Four Elements of Rogers’s Therapy

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy: Client accepts all of self; directive, role playing, leading questions confrontation of clients’ statements Originated by Fritz Perls “Empty-chair” technique

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Evaluation of Humanistic Therapies Broad application in career, workplace, marriage, etc. Works best with intelligent, highly verbal persons Not based in experimental research

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Behavior therapies: Action therapies focused on behavior not causes Classical and operant conditioning Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis: Change behaviors via learning techniques

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning Systematic desensitization: For treating phobias –Step 1: Relaxation training –Step 2: Fear hierarchy –Step 3: Progressive exposure Aversion therapy: Undesirable behavior paired with aversive stimulus Exposure therapy: Introduces clients to situations related to their anxieties under controlled conditions –Flooding: Rapid, intense exposure –EMDR

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Modeling: Learning via observation and imitation Participant modeling: Model takes client through step-by-step process for desired behavior Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Reinforcement: Strengthening of response by following it with a pleasurable consequence (positive) or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (negative) Token economy: Reinforcers earned and exchanged for desired things Contingency contract: Formal agreement on behavior change, reinforcements, penalties Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Extinction: Remove reinforcer, reduce undesirable behavior Time Out: Removal from situation that reinforces undesirable behavior Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Evaluation of Behavior Therapies Effective treatment of specific problems ** Control symptoms quickly and effectively Not effective with serious psychological disorders overall, but can improve specific symptoms 15.5 How successful are behavior therapies?

Cognitive Therapies: Thinking is Believing “Cognitive therapy is focused on helping people change their ways of thinking. The cognitive therapist focuses on the distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs that lead to maladaptive behavior. The goal is to help clients test the truth of their beliefs.” – Page 585 (Ciccarelli & White)

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Distortions of Thinking Cognitive Distortions Jumping to conclusions without evidence Focusing on only one aspect of the situation Making sweeping conclusions based on only one incident Negative events blown out of proportion; positive events ignored Assuming too much personal responsibility

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Learning to think more rationally and logically Three goals: 1.Relieve symptoms and solve problems 2.Develop strategies for solving future problems 3.Help change irrational, distorted thinking Cognitive Therapies

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Cognitive Therapies Rational-emotive behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy Irrational beliefs challenged and restructured

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Evaluation of Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Inexpensive and short-term Effective for depression, stress, anxiety Criticized for focusing on symptoms and not causes of disordered behavior Potential bias in therapist’s opinions

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Characteristics of Psychotherapies

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Types of Group Therapy Family counseling (family therapy): Family members meet together with a counselor Self-help groups (support groups): Group of people with similar problems meet together without therapist

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Group Therapy Advantages –Low cost –Exposure to others with similar problems –Social interaction with others –Social and emotional support –Effective for people with social anxiety Disadvantages –Must share therapist’s time –Lack of private setting in which to reveal concerns –Severely disordered persons unable to tolerate group

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Evaluation of Group Therapy Most useful for people who cannot afford individual therapy Can provide a great deal of social and emotional support and validation

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Mental Health on Campus Campus life is often very stressful. Many students arrive on campus already in therapy for a diagnosed disorder. Students should make use of the available resources on college campuses. –Counseling centers

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Studies of Effectiveness Surveys and studies 75 to 90 percent of those treated improve Longer a person stays in therapy, the better the improvement Certain therapies better for certain problems No one method effective for all problems

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Characteristics of Effective Therapy Matching therapy to client and problem Therapeutic alliance: Warm, caring, accepting, empathic, respectful relationship between therapist and client Protected setting Opportunity for catharsis Learning and practice of new behaviors Positive experiences

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Concerns Four barriers to effective psychotherapy: Culture-bound values Class-bound values Language Nonverbal communication

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Cybertherapy Cybertherapy: Psychotherapy via internet Advantages: Cost, anonymity, easier access Disadvantages: Uncertain credentials of therapist, lack of vocal/body cues for assessing emotions

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Biomedical Therapies Biomedical therapies: Affect biological functioning of body and brain Psychopharmacology: Use of drugs to relieve symptoms of disorders

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Psychopharmacology Antipsychotic drugs: Treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations Antianxiety drugs: Calm anxiety reactions Antimanic drugs: Treat bipolar disorder Antidepressant drugs: Treat depression and anxiety –Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) –Tricyclics –Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Types of Drugs Used in Psychopharmacology

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Electroconvulsive Therapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): Delivery of an electric shock to either one side or both sides of a person’s head Quick, short-term treatment for severe depression

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Psychosurgery Psychosurgery: Surgery on brain tissue to relieve severe psychological disorders Prefrontal lobotomy: Connections between pre- frontal lobe and rest of brain severed Bilateral anterior cingulotomy: Deep lesioning of cingulate gyrus via electrode wire Emerging technologies

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Virtual Reality Virtual reality therapy: Computer-based simulation of environments Can be used to treat disorders such as phobias and PTSD Less risk than that of actual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli Particularly useful as a delivery system for exposure therapy