Financial and Managerial Accounting Wild, Shaw, and Chiappetta Fifth Edition Wild, Shaw, and Chiappetta Fifth Edition McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 24 Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis

Conceptual Learning Objectives C1: Describe the selection of a hurdle rate for an investment. 24-3

A1: Analyze a capital investment project using break-even time. Analytical Learning Objectives 24-4

P1: Compute payback period and describe its use. P2: Compute accounting rate of return and explain its use. P3: Compute net present value and describe its use. P4: Compute internal rate of return and explain its use. Procedural Learning Objectives 24-5

Capital budgeting: Analyzing alternative long- term investments and deciding which assets to acquire or sell.  Outcome is uncertain.  Large amounts of money are usually involved.  Investment involves a long-term commitment.  Decision may be difficult or impossible to reverse. Capital Budgeting C1 24-6

Payback period = Cost of investment Annual net cash flow Payback Period The payback period of an investment is the time expected to recover the initial investment amount. Managers prefer investing in projects with shorter payback periods. P Net cash flow = Cash inflows – Cash outflows.

FasTrac is considering buying a new machine that will be used in its manufacturing operations. The machine costs $16,000 and is expected to produce annual net cash flows of $4,100. The machine is expected to have an 8-year useful life with no salvage value. Calculate the payback period. Payback period = Cost of investment Annual net cash flow Payback period = $16,000 $4,100 = 3.9 years Payback Period with Even Cash Flows (Exhibit 24.2) P1 24-8

In the previous example, we assumed that the increase in cash flows would be the same each year. Now, let’s look at an example where the cash flows vary each year. $4,100 $5,000 Payback Period with Uneven Cash Flows P1 24-9

FasTrac wants to install a machine that costs $16,000 and has an 8-year useful life with zero salvage value. Annual expected net cash flows are: P1 Payback Period with Uneven Cash Flows (Exhibit 24.3) 24-10

4.2 We recover the $16,000 purchase price between years 4 and 5, about 4.2 years for the payback period. P1 Payback Period with Uneven Cash Flows (Exhibit 24.3) 24-11

Ignores the time value of money. Ignores cash flows after the payback period. Unacceptable for projects with long lives where time value of money effects are major. Using the Payback Period P

Consider two projects, each with a five-year life and each costing $6,000. The projects have cash flows depicted below. In year 5 of life, Project Two will have a $100,000 net cash inflow. Would you invest in Project One just because it has a shorter payback period? Using the Payback Period P

The accounting rate of return focuses on annual income instead of cash flows. Accounting Rate of Return (Return on Average Investment) Accounting Annual after-tax net income rate of return Annual average investment = Beginning book value + Ending book value 2 P

Accounting Annual after-tax net income rate of return Annual average investment = Reconsider the $16,000 investment being considered by FasTrac. The annual after-tax net income is $2,100. Compute the accounting rate of return. Beginning book value + Ending book value 2 Accounting Rate of Return (Return on Average Investment) (Exhibit 24.6) P

Accounting Annual after-tax net income rate of return Annual average investment = Reconsider the $16,000 investment being considered by FasTrac. The annual after-tax net income is $2,100. Compute the accounting rate of return. Accounting Rate of Return (Return on Average Investment) Beginning book value + Ending book value 2 P

Accounting $2,100 rate of return $8,000 == 26.25% $16,000 + $0 2 Accounting Rate of Return (Return on Average Investment) Reconsider the $16,000 investment being considered by FasTrac. The annual after-tax net income is $2,100. Compute the accounting rate of return. P

Bases the amount invested on book values (not predicted market values) in future periods. Income may vary from year to year. Time value of money is ignored. Are there any shortcomings of using the accounting rate of return? Using Accounting Rate of Return (Return on Average Investment) P

Now let’s look at a capital budgeting model that considers the time value of cash flows. Net Present Value P

 Discount the future net cash flows from the investment at the required rate of return (or hurdle rate.)  Subtract the initial amount invested from sum of the discounted cash flows. FasTrac is considering the purchase of a conveyor costing $16,000 with an 8-year useful life with zero salvage value that promises annual net cash flows of $4,100. FasTrac requires a 12 percent compounded annual return on its investments. Net Present Value P Hurdle rate

Net Present Value with Even Cash Flows (Exhibit 24.7) P

Present value factors for 12 percent Net Present Value with Even Cash Flows (Exhibit 24.7) P

A positive net present value indicates that this project earns more than 12 percent on the investment. Net Present Value with Even Cash Flows P

Net Present Value Decision Rule When an asset’s expected cash flows are discounted at the required rate and yield a positive net present value, then the asset should be acquired. Present value of net cash flows ($) Amount invested ($) Accept project Reject project If > 0$ If < 0$ Net present value ($) C

General decision rule... Using Net Present Value C

Although all projects require the same investment and have the same total net cash flows, project B has a higher net present value because of a larger net cash flow in year 1. Net Present Value Calculations with Uneven Cash Flows (Exhibit 24.8) P

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The interest rate that makes... Present value of cash inflows Present value of cash outflows =   The net present value equal zero. P

Projects with even annual cash flows Project life = 3 years Initial cost = $12,000 Annual net cash inflows = $5,000 Determine the IRR for this project. 1. Compute present value factor. 2.Use present value of annuity table to identify the discount rate (IRR)... P4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) (based on Exhibit 24.9) 24-28

1. Compute present value factor. $12,000 ÷ $5,000 per year = Use present value of annuity table to identify the discount rate (IRR)... Projects with even annual cash flows Project life = 3 years Initial cost = $12,000 Annual net cash inflows = $5,000 Determine the IRR for this project. P4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) (based on Exhibit 24.9) 24-29

Locate the row whose number equals the periods in the project’s life. 1. Determine the present value factor. $12,000 ÷ $5,000 per year = Use present value of annuity table to identify the discount rate (IRR)... P4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) (based on Exhibit 24.9) 24-30

In that row, locate the interest factor closest in amount to the present value factor. 1.Determine the present value factor. $12,000 ÷ $5,000 per year = Use present value of annuity table to identify the discount rate (IRR)... P4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) (based on Exhibit 24.9) 24-31

1.Determine the present value factor. $12,000 ÷ $5,000 per year = Use present value of annuity table to identify the discount rate (IRR)... IRR is the interest rate of the column in which the present value factor is found. IRR is approximately 12%. P4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 24-32

If cash inflows are unequal, trial and error solution will result if present value tables are used. Sophisticated business calculators and electronic spreadsheets can be used to easily solve these problems. Internal Rate of Return – Uneven Cash Flows P

 Compare the internal rate of return on a project to a predetermined hurdle rate, which is a minimum acceptable rate of return.  To be acceptable, a project’s rate of return cannot be less than the hurdle rate. Using Internal Rate of Return P Internal rate of return (%) Hurdle rate (%) Accept project Reject project If > 0% If < 0%

Comparing Methods C

Break-even time incorporates time value of money into the payback period method of evaluating capital investments. Break-Even Time A

End of Chapter