ADS-B Update As of 6 April 2015 EAA Chapter 1457

BACKGROUND Primary RADAR – Think WWII technology Secondary RADAR (SSR): Interrogation – Mode A(4-digit squawk code) – Mode C(Mode A + encoded altitude) – Mode S(Mode C + aircraft info) – Extended Squitter (Mode S ++)

CURRENT SSR CHALLENGES Clutter, Interference, Noise Time delay → Uncertainty → Big Separation Comm congestion/clarity Ground based → Line of sight only Costly to improve Secondary RADAR RNP (Required Nav Performance) wasteful

FAA NextGen ADS-B is only one of several initiatives – Follows standards of ICAO – Satellite based position reporting – Surface movements included – Once per second reports (while moving) Every 5 seconds if stationary on ground Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast Not to be confused with ADS-R – Rebroadcast

EXAMPLE REPORTING

ADS-B APPLICATION Jan 1, 2020 ADS-B Out only req’d in select airspace – Classes A, B & C (surface to 10,000 MSL) – Class E above 10,000 MSL except under 2,500 AGL – Mode C veil – Gulf out to 12nm Under 10,000’ <4.5% of Cont US

WHERE

ADS-B OUT EQUIPMENT Transceiver – 1090MHz Mode S ES transponder TSO–C166b – 978MHz data link radio (UAT)TSO–C154c Altitude encoder or source Precision GPS(like WAAS) Air-Ground status source ADS-B "In" is a benefit, not a requirement

ADS-B OUT STANDARDS Position Accuracy (NACp) must be < 0.05 nm (300’) Velocity Accuracy (NACv) must be < 30 fps Horizontal, < 50 fps Vertical Integrity Containment Radius (NIC) must be < 0.2 nm System Integrity Level (SIL) within NIC must be ≤ 1x10 -7 System Design Assurance (SDA) of must be ≤ 1x10 -5 Changes in NACp, NACv, SDA, and SIL must be broadcast within 10 seconds Changes in NIC must be broadcast within 12 seconds

COMPLIANCE CHECK

HOW IT ALL WORKS GPS defines position in each aircraft Aircraft reports to Ground Stations

HOW WILL ALL WORKS Aircraft also report to receiving aircraft (1090) Ground RADAR still interrogates others ATC gets a combined picture from – ADS-B reporting aircraft – Relayed reporting aircraft – RADAR sweeps ATC broadcasts info (ADS-R) back to receiving aircraft

HOW WILL ALL WORKS

TRAFFIC AIR-TO-AIR

NO KIDDING TIS-B

BENEFITS (with ADSB-In equipment) Improved situational awareness – Traffic display – NexRad WeatherUAT only – METARsUAT only – TFRs: active and pending UAT only – Traffic warnings – Baro sync'g UAT only Partial info available with portable units

MYTHS Someone has the big picture and all the ADS-B answers – Definitely not My plane is grounded after 2020 if I don’t upgrade – You can still fly over 95% of Cont US w/o ADS-B ADS-B costs more than my plane is worth – Prices coming down—solutions start under $1,000 I lose the value of my current equipment – Solutions available to augment current equipment and meet total requirement

MYTHS Big Brother is watching – Yep. Why is that bad? At least one system disables reporting when 1200 squawked My iPad is good enough – Only for ADS-B In This doesn't apply to E-AB aircraft – As of today, it does With ADS-B In I'll be able to see everyone around me – Don't believe it! VFR still required to see and avoid – Non-transponder aircraft not shown w/o RADAR

MYTHS This doesn't apply to aircraft w/o electrical system – …unless you want to fly in Class A, B or C I can get a Field Approval for my installation – Don't count on it…no reports of success – Builders unable to prove accuracy/latency of entire system FAAs Feb 2015 revision means I don't need to comply – Not quite…clarification eliminated TSO ambiguity This is the greatest aviation enhancement ever – You need to get out more!

Disclaimers / Credits All graphics used were selected for being most representative of the discussion point and downloaded from various Internet sources pdf I'm not responsible for any inaccuracies or misunderstandings