The TMT Instrumentation Program Brent Ellerbroek and Luc Simard Pre-SPIE 2010 TMT Instrumentation Workshop San Diego, June 26, 2010 TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Outline TMT Instrumentation Program Early Light Instrument Updates WFOS IRIS IRMS First Decade Adaptive Optics Motivations for AO improvements First Decade instruments incorporating AO Facility AO upgrades Required technology developments Future Instrumentation Development TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

TMT Instrumentation and Performance Handbook 2010 160 pages covering Early-Light and First Decade instrumentation (requirements and designs), instrument synergies, and instrument development Updated information on early-light instruments All instrument feasibility studies were combed systematically to extract all available science simulations, and tables of sensitivities/limiting magnitudes/integration times Available at http://www.tmt.org/documents.html TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Narrow-Field IR AO System (NFIRAOS): TMT’s Early-Light Facility AO system Dual conjugate AO system: Order 61x61 DM and TTS at h = 0 km Order 75x75 DM at h = 11.2 km Better Strehl than current AO systems Can feed three instruments Completely integrated system Fast (< 5 min) switch between targets with same instrument > 50% sky coverage at galactic poles (WIRC) NFIRAOS IRMS (NIRES) IRIS TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

TMT Science Instrumentation Early light instruments are expected to be available at the start of TMT science operations. This category includes the following instruments: Wide-Field Optical Spectrometer (WFOS) InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (IRIS) InfraRed Multi-slit Spectrometer (IRMS) First decade instruments are expected to be commissioned with the first decade of TMT operations. They include: Planet Formation Instrument (PFI) High-Resolution Optical Spectrometer (HROS) Mid-InfraRed Echelle Spectrometer (MIRES) InfraRed Multi-Object Spectrometer (IRMOS) Near-InfraRed Echelle Spectrometer (NIRES) TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Feasibility studies 2005-6 (concepts, requirements, performance,…) IRIS MIRES HROS-UCSC HROS-CASA PFI WFOS-HIA IRMOS-UF IRMOS-CIT

People TMT discovery space: main goal is to show that AO is a must to get to the “really good stuff” TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Early Light Instruments TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (IRIS) http://www.tmt.org/docs/WWW_IRIS_DRF01.doc http://irlab.astro.ucla.edu/iris/index.html Also see J. Larkin’s presentation TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

IRIS Top-Level Requirements TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Motivation for IRIS Unprecedented ability to investigate objects on small scales: 0.01” @ 5 AU = 36 km (Jovian’s and moons) 5 pc = 0.05 AU (Nearby stars – companions) 100 pc = 1 AU (Nearest star forming regions) 1 kpc = 10 AU (Typical Galactic Objects) 8.5 kpc = 85 AU (Galactic Center or Bulge) 1 Mpc = 0.05 pc (Nearest galaxies) 20 Mpc = 1 pc (Virgo Cluster) z=0.5 = 0.07 kpc (galaxies at solar formation epoch) z=1.0 = 0.09 kpc (disk evolution, drop in SFR) z=2.5 = 0.09 kpc (QSO epoch, Hα in K band) z=5.0 = 0.07 kpc (protogalaxies, QSOs, reionization) Titan with an overlayed 0.05’’ grid (~300 km) (Macintosh et al.) High redshift galaxy. Pixels are 0.04” scale (0.35 kpc). Barczys et al.) Keck AO images M31 Bulge with 0.1” grid (Graham et al.)

IRIS Team James Larkin (UCLA), Principal Investigator Overall IRIS instrument + lenslet-based IFS ADC and optical design: UCSC Anna Moore (Caltech), co-PI Sharing overall instrument responsibilities + slicer-based IFS Ryuji Suzuki, Masahiro Konishi, Tomonori Usuda (NAOJ) Imager design Betsy Barton (UC Irvine), Project Scientist - Science Team: Shri Kulkarni (Caltech), Jonathan Tan (U. Florida), Máté Ádámkovics, Joshua Bloom, James Graham, (UC Berkeley), Pat Côté, Tim Davidge (HIA), Shelley Wright (UC Irvine), Bruce Macintosh (LLNL), Miwa Goto (MPIA), Nobunari Kashikawa(NAOJ), Jessica Lu, Andrea Ghez, David Law, Will Clarkson (UCLA), Hajime Sugai (Kyoto) David Loop, Murray Fletcher, Vlad Reshetov, Jennifer Dunn (HIA) On-instrument wavefront sensors Dae-Sik Moon (U. of Toronto): NFIRAOS Science Calibration Unit TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Overall Field Geometry Imager Field is on-axis 17” field 0.004” pixels Spectrographs concentric 18” off-axis 2 Coarse Scales (Slicer) 45x90x~2000 elements 1.125”x2.25”@0.025” 2.25”x4.5”@0.050” 2 Fine Scales (Lenslet) 112x128x500 elements 0.45”x0.64”@0.004” 1.0”x1.15”@0.009” Probe Arms 4” Fields 0.004” pixels 18” TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Exploded View of IRIS Assembly

On-Instrument Wavefront Sensors NFIRAOS Interface Probe arm Platform Probe Rotational Stage Camera Dewar Probe arm Mature mechanical design ready for probe arm prototyping IRIS Dewar Attachment Platform Hexapod Support Thermal Jacket TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

IRIS Science Dewar Entrance Φ = 2m TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

IRIS Imager and Spectrometer Camera TMA Lenslet 50mas slicer Grating turret 4kx4k spectrograph detector Slicer IFU Slicer collimator Lenslet collimator Schematic view Imager channel Solid Model TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Point Source Sensitivities Spectroscopy for S/N per spectral channel of 10, between OH lines, assuming an aperture of 2(λ/D) Imager for S/N of 100, assuming an aperture of ~2(λ/D) Filter Scale (mas) Exp. Time (secs) Number of Frames Magnitude (AB) J 4 900 24.1 H 23.7 K 300 12 22.9 S/N ~10 Filter Exp. Time (secs) Number of Frames Magnitude (AB) J 900 4 27.3 H 26.2 K 25.5 CFHT/WIRCAM KAB = 24.5 (S/N=5) t = 30 hours !! S/N ~100 Source: S. Wright & B. Barton, 2009

Wide-Field Optical Spectrometer (WFOS) http://www.tmt.org/docs/WWW_WFOS_DRF01.doc Also see B. Bigelow’s presentation

WFOS Top-Level Requirements

WFOS(-MOBIE) Team Rebecca Bernstein (UCSC), Principal Investigator Bruce Bigelow (UCSC), Project Manager Chuck Steidel (Caltech), Project Scientist Science Team Bob Abraham (U. Toronto), Jarle Brinchmann (Leiden), Judy Cohen (Caltech), Sandy Faber, Raja Guhathakurta, Jason Kalirai, Jason Prochaska, Connie Rockosi (UCSC), Gerry Lupino (UH IfA), Alice Shapley (UCLA) Second feasibility study completed in December 2008 External review with very positive report Reflective collimator selected Conceptual design under way Different WFOS designs were studied during the instrument feasibility study phase. The current design for WFOS is known as the “Multi-Object Broadband Imaging Echellette” (MOBIE) spectrometer.

WFOS-MOBIE Echellette Design Mirror TMT Focal Plane Single field, blue and red arms MOBIE can trade multiplexing for expanded wavelength coverage in its higher dispersion mode Spectral footprint in higher dispersion mode - 3’’ slits spaced 25’’ apart, five orders

WFOS-MOBIE Examples of Spectral Resolution Options TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

WFOS-MOBIE Science Field Geometry Source: 2008 WFOS-MOBIE Feasibility Study Operational Concepts Definition Document Multi-object mask making simulation

WFOS-MOBIE Schematic View

InfraRed Multi-slit Spectrometer (IRMS) http://www.tmt.org/docs/WWW_IRMS_DRF01.doc http://irlab.astro.ucla.edu/mosfire/ TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

InfraRed Multi-slit Spectrometer (IRMS) (aka Keck/MOSFIRE on TMT)

H-band over whole 120” field IRMS and NFIRAOS IRMOS (deployable MOAO IFUs) deemed too risky and too expensive for first light => IRMS: clone of Keck MOSFIRE; Step 0 towards IRMOS Multi-slit NIR imaging spectro: 46 slits,W:160+ mas, L:2.5” Deployed behind NFIRAOS 2’ field 60mas pixels EE good (80% in K over 30”) Only one OIWFS required Spectral resolution up to 5000 Full Y, J, H, K spectra Imager as well H-band over whole 120” field Slit width TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

IRMS Slit Unit & Field CSEM configurable slit unit Detector area 2’ diameter CSEM configurable slit unit Slits formed by opposing bars Up to 46 slitlets Reconfigurable in ~3 minutes TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

“TMT prototype” MOSFIRE integration and test proceeding well MOSFIRE in Caltech Lab

TMT First Decade Adaptive Optics TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Motivations for AO Improvements New spectral bands R, I, and Z bands (reduced wavefront error: NFIRAOS+) L, M, and longer bands not transmitted by NFIRAOS (Mid IR AO -- MIRAO) Wider fields of view “Multiplex” observing advantage Wide field enhanced seeing (Ground Layer AO--GLAO), or… Moderate field multi-object AO (Multi-Object AO--MOAO) Higher contrast ratios Detecting and characterizing planets, other companions (“Extreme” AO--ExAO)

Possible First Decade Instruments Incorporating AO IR Multi-Object Spectrograph (IRMOS) MOAO compensation of ~20 integral field units (IFUs) 5 arc min FoV, 50 mas sampling ~8 LGS, one order ~60 MEMS for each IFU 2006 feasibility studies by Caltech and UF/HIA Pathfinder Multi-Object Spectrograph (PMOS) A “mini IRMOS” behind NFIRAOS Perhaps 5 IFUs plus an on-axis imager NFIRAOS reduces MEMS stroke requirements to < 1 mm MEMS could also sharpen tip/tilt stars for improved sky coverage Planet Formation Instrument (PFI) Contrast ratios in 107-108 range Order ~128 correction; coronagraphy, advanced WFS detectors/concepts 2006 feasibility study by LLNL/JPL TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

PFI Block Diagram TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

IRMOS Block Diagram (UF Concept) MEMS DM NGS WFS LGS WFS TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Distance from Center FoV MOAO Behind NFIRAOS With two DMs, NFIRAOS Strehl and PSF core degrade off-axis at large zenith angles (left) Correction is theoretically much better with MEMS behind NFIRAOS (right) Would benefit both IFUs and natural guide stars Zenith Angle Distance from Center FoV TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Potential Facility AO Upgrades Mid IR AO facility (MIRAO) 300-500 nm RMS WFE Facility system for 2-3 mid IR instruments Could be an order 30x30 system with 1 DM, 3 LGS 2006 feasibility study (UH/NOAO) NFIRAOS upgrade (NFIRAOS+) ~120 nm RMS WFE for higher Strehls, shorter wavelengths Could be an order 120x120 upgrade to existing NFIRAOS Improvements to lasers, DMs, WFSs, and RTC Ground layer adaptive optics (GLAO) Enhanced seeing over a wide field of view (e.g., WFOS) Adaptive secondary mirror required TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

MIRAO Optical Schematic Light from TMT Output to Instrument DM LGS WFSs TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

AO Component “Desirements” Higher power lasers Pulsed format to defeat LGS elongation IR detectors Large, high speed, low noise detectors (full frame readout) Piezo DMs Order ~120 with large stroke MEMS DMs Order 64 to 128 with moderate to large stroke Adaptive secondary mirror (AM2) Large, convex, but only ~500 modes of correction required 2006 feasibility study (SAGEM) RTCs Higher throughput and/or more advanced algorithms Advanced WFSs: Pyramid, post coronagraphic calibration,. … TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Required AO Component Advances by Application System or AO mode Lasers IR det. Piezo DMs MEMs AM2 RTC HW RTC algs. WFS concepts MIRAO Replaces piezo., reduces emission PMOS 642 small stroke Higher order MOAO DM control MOAO (small stroke) IRMOS 642 larger stroke Replaces piezo. MOAO GLAO Required NFIRAOS+ Pulsed 50w? 1202 large stroke Reduces piezo stroke Dynamic refocus PFI Big, fast, quiet 1282 small stroke Replaces piezo TBD (green to yellow) Prediction and calibration Pyramid, post-corona-graphic TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Future Instrumentation Development TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Defining the TMT Instrumentation Development Program Observatory Context Requirements and architectures Interfaces (optical, mechanical, power and cooling, data and communications) Common standards and practices Definition of development and delivery phases Planning and Management Practices (costing, schedule, risks, etc.) Development process Procurement Participation (TMT partners, broader community) Support for funding requests Work package agreements Models and phasing scenarios TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Defining the TMT Instrumentation Development Program Instrumentation Development Office Tasks Personnel Development funding Funding levels Types of source Incentives TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Future Instrumentation Development: Proposed Process Community explorations (scientific and technical) Consultations (e.g., workshops) Mini-studies SAC prioritization “Cornerstone” of instrumentation development Well-defined metrics for science, technical readiness, schedule and cost Balance between AO systems and science instruments Conceptual Design Studies Establishment of Board guidelines on scope and cost Call for Proposals Study phase (two ~one-year competitive studies for each instrument) External Reviews SAC evaluation and recommendations to the Board TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Future Instrumentation Development: Proposed Process (cont.) Instrumentation contract awards Observatory (and Board) will negotiate cost and scope of awards considering partnership issues TMT will provide oversight, monitoring and involvement in all instrumentation projects: To ensure compatibility with all other Observatory subsystems To maximize operational efficiency, reliability and minimize cost To encourage common components and strategies To ensure that budget and schedules are respected To manage the development of critical component technologies This will be the responsibility of an Instrumentation Development Office (IDO) within the Observatory TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Instrumentation Development Office Joint AO and instrumentation engineering team that provides oversight for all instrumentation activities (except routine support) Initially primarily occupied with early-light instruments (WFOS, IRIS, IRMS, NFIRAOS) and associated AO systems with increasing shift of effort towards support for future instruments and AO systems Example: AO group develops AO requirements, leads performance analysis and coordinates/manages all subsystem and component development Will play a central role within a diverse partnership Manages and provides systems engineering support (including commissioning) for AO systems and instruments 4 core FTEs in current operations plan Instrument development budget of ~$10 M / year TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Building Instrumentation Partnerships Strong interest from all partners in participating in instrumentation projects: Primarily driven by science interests of their respective science communities Large geographical distances and different development models Broad range of facilities and capabilities Significant efforts are already under way to fully realize the exciting potential found within the TMT partnership Goal is to build instrumentation partnerships that make sense scientifically and technically while satisfying partner aspirations TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01

Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the TMT partner institutions. They are the Association of Canadian Universities for Research in Astronomy (ACURA), the California Institute of Technology and the University of California. This work was supported as well by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation, the National Research Council of Canada, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) and the U.S. National Science Foundation. TMT.IAO.PRE.10.006.REL01