Speed Speed is defined as the distance traveled divided by the time it took to travel that distance. speed = distance time s = d t Speed is not a fundamental aspect of nature, it is the ratio of two things that are.

Speed The units of speed can be seen by substituting the units for distance and time into the equation s = d t meters second m s We read this unit as "meters per second"

A car travels at a constant speed of 10m/s. This means the car: increases its speed by 10m every second. c B decreases its speed by 10m every second. C moves with an acceleration of 10 meters every second. c c D moves 10 meters every second.

2 A rabbit runs a distance of 60 meters in 20 s; what is the speed of the rabbit?

3 A car travels at a speed of 40 m/s for 4.0 s; what is the distance traveled by the car?

4 You travel at a speed of 20m/s for 6.0s; what distance have you moved?

5 An airplane on a runway can cover 500 m in 10 s; what is the airplane's average speed?

6 You travel at a constant speed of 20 m/s; how much time does it take you to travel a distance of 120m?

7 You travel at a constant speed of 30m/s; how much time does it take you to travel a distance of 150m?

2. Average Speed The speed we have been calculating is a constant speed over a short period of time. Another name for this is instantaneous speed. If a trip has multiple parts, each part must be treated separately. In this case, we can calculate the average speed for a total trip. Determine the average speed by finding the total distance you traveled and dividing that by the total time it took you to travel that distance.

Distance and Time Intervals In physics we use subscripts in order to avoid any confusion with different distances and time intervals. For example: if an object makes a multiple trip that has three parts we present them as d1, d2, d3 and the corresponding time intervals t1, t2, t3.

Average Speed & Non-Uniform Motion The following pattern of steps will help us to find the average speed: Find the total distance dtotal = d1+ d2+ d3 Find the total time ttotal = t1 + t2 + t3 Use the average speed formula savg = dtotal ttotal

Average Speed - Example 1 You ride your bike home from school by way of your friend’s house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes (600 s) there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? To keep things clear, we can use a table to keep track of the information...

Example 1 - Step 1 Write the given information in the table below: You ride your bike home from school by way of your friend’s house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes (600 s) there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? Segment Distance Time Speed (m) (s) (m/s) I II III Total /Avg.

Example 1 - Step 2 Next, use the given information to find the total distance and total time Segment Distance Time Speed (m) (s) (m/s) I 2500m 420 s II 0 m 600 s III 3500m 540 s Total /Avg. You ride your bike home from school by way of your friend’s house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes (600 s) there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip?

Example 1 - Step 2 Next, use the given information to find the total distance and total time Segment Distance Time Speed (m) (s) (m/s) I 2500m 420 s II 0 m 600 s III 3500m 540 s Total /Avg. 6000m 1560s You ride your bike home from school by way of your friend’s house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes (600 s) there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip?

Example 1 - Step 3 Next use total distance and time to find average speed. You ride your bike home from school by way of your friend’s house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes (600 s) there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip? Segment Distance Time Speed (m) (s) (m/s) I 2500m 420 s II 0 m 600 s III 3500m 540 s Total /Avg. 6000m 1560s

Example 1 - Solution Next use total distance and time to find average speed. Segment Distance Time Speed (m) (s) (m/s) I 2500m 420 s II 0 m 600 s III 3500m 540 s Total /Avg. 6000m 1560s m/s You ride your bike home from school by way of your friend’s house. It takes you 7 minutes (420 s) to travel the 2500 m to his house. You spend 10 minutes (600 s) there, before traveling 3500 m to your house in 9 minutes (540 s). What was your average speed for this trip?

Example 2 Segment Distance Time Speed (m) (s) (m/s) I II III Total /Avg. You run a distance of 210 m at a speed of 7 m/s. You then jog a distance of 800 m in a time of 235 s. Finally, you run for 25s at a speed of 6 m/s. What was the average speed of your total run?

Example 2 - Reflection Segment Distance Time Speed (m) (s) (m/s) I 210 30 7 II 800 235 3 III 150 25 6 Total /Avg. 1160 290 4 What happens when you take the 'average' (arithmetic mean) of the speed for each leg of the trip? Is it the same as the average speed? Why do you think this happens?

3. Instantaneous Speed The speed of an object in an instant in time is the instantaneous speed. It may not be equal to the average speed. Generally, we use instruments to measure instantaneous speed.

4. Velocity Speed is defined as the ratio of distance and time d Average speed = distance traveled time elapsed Similarly, velocity is defined as the ratio of displacement and time Average velocity = time elapsed displacement Δx Δt v =

Average Velocity Speeds are always positive, since speed is the ratio of distance and time; both of which are always positive. s = d t Average speed = distance traveled time elapsed But velocity can be positive or negative, since velocity is the ratio of displacement and time; and displacement can be negative or positive. Average velocity = time elapsed displacement Δx Δt v = Usually, right is positive and left is negative.

Which of the following is a vector quantity? 16 Which of the following is a vector quantity? c A time B velocity C distance c D speed

17 Average velocity is defined as change in ______ over a period of ______. cc A distance, time c B distance, space c C displacement, time c D displacement, space

19 You travel 60 meters to the right in 20 s; what is your average velocity?

20 You travel 60 meters to the left in 20 s; what is your average velocity?

21 You travel 60 meters to the left in 20 s and then you travel 60 meters to the right in 30 s; what is your average velocity?

22 You travel 60 meters to the left in 20 s and then you travel 60 meters to the right in 30 s; what is your average speed?

23 You run completely around a 400 m track in 80s. What was your average speed?

24 You run completely around a 400 m track in 80s. What was your average velocity?

25 You travel 160 meters in 60 s; what is your average speed?

26 You travel 160 meters in 60 s; what is your average speed?

5. Instantaneous Velocity Sometimes the average velocity is all we need to know about an object's motion. For example: A race along a straight line is really a competition to see whose average velocity is the greatest. The prize goes to the competitor who can cover the displacement in the shortest time interval. But the average velocity of a moving object can't tell us how fast the object moves at any given point during the interval Δt.

Instantaneous Velocity Average velocity is defined as change in position over time. This tells us the 'average' velocity for a given length or span of time. If we want to know the speed or velocity of an object at a specific point in time (with this radar gun for example), we want to know the instantaneous velocity... Watch what happens when we look for the instantaneous velocity by reducing the amount of time we take to measure displacement.

Instantaneous Velocity Displacement Time 100m 10 s Velocity In an experiment, an object travels at a constant velocity. Find the magnitude of the velocity using the data above.

Instantaneous Velocity 10 m 1 s Displacement Time Velocity 100m 10 s 10 m/s What happens if we measure the distance traveled in the same experiment for only one second? What is the velocity?

Instantaneous Velocity Displacement Time Velocity 100m 10 s 10 m/s 10 m 1 s 10 m/s 0.001m 0.0001 s What happens if we measure the distance traveled in the same experiment for a really small time interval? What is the velocity?

Instantaneous Velocity Displacement Time Velocity 100 m 10 s 10 m/s 10 m 1 s 1.0 m 0.10 s 0.10 m 0.010 s 0.010 m 0.0010 s 0.0010 m 0.00010 s 0.00010 m 0.000010 s Since we need time to measure velocity, we can't know the exact velocity "at" a particular time... but if we imagine a really small value of time and the distance traveled, we can estimate the instantaneous velocity.

Instantaneous Velocity To describe the motion in greater detail, we need to define the velocity at any specific instant of time or specific point along the path. Such a velocity is called instantaneous velocity. Note that the word instant has somewhat different meaning in physics than in everyday language. Instant is not necessarily something that is finished quickly. We may use the phrase "It lasted just an instant" to refer to something that lasted for a very short time interval.

Instantaneous Velocity In physics an instant has no duration at all; it refers to a single value of time. One of the most common examples we can use to understand instantaneous velocity is driving a car and taking a quick look on the speedometer. At this point, we see the instantaneous value of the velocity.

Instantaneous Velocity The instantaneous velocity is the same as the magnitude of the average velocity as the time interval becomes very very short. Δx Δt as Δt 0 v =

C. Graphing Speed or Velocity

Velocity Graphing Activity The graph below shows velocity versus time. How do you know the velocity is constant? v (m/s) t (s)

Velocity Graphing Activity The graph below shows velocity versus time. When is the velocity increasing? Decreasing? Constant? v (m/s) t (s)

Velocity Graphing Activity (m/s) t (s) a.) b.) 4 Use the graph to determine the Average Velocity of (a) 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 1

Velocity Graphing Activity (m/s) t (s) a.) b.) 4 3 2 1 2 4 6 Use the graph to determine the Average Velocity of (b) 4 3 2 1 1 2 4 6

Velocity Graphing Activity (m/s) t (s) a.) b.) Use the graph to determine the Instantaneous Velocity of (a) at 2 seconds 4 3 2 1 2 4 6 4 3 2 1 1 2 4 6

Velocity Graphing Activity (m/s) t (s) a.) b.) 4 3 2 1 2 4 6 Use the graph to determine the Instantaneous Velocity of (b) at 2 seconds 4 3 2 1 1 2 4 6

Instantaneous Velocity These graphs show (a) constant velocity and (b) varying velocity. (a) When the velocity of a moving object is a constant the instantaneous velocity is the same as the average. v (m/s) t (s) v (m/s) t (s) (b) When the velocity of a moving object changes its instantaneous velocity is different from the average velocity.