Then, for each of the five behaviors, describe a situation in which the abnormal behavior might be considered normal.

1. Discomfort: continuous discomfort 2. Bizarre behavior---fairly continuously 3. Inefficient---unable to perform their life roles properly 4. Inflexibility 5. See a threatening environment

 Generalized Anxiety Disorder  Specific Anxiety Disorders  Stress: a physical, chemical or emotional factor that causes physical or mental tension and may be a factor in causing disease  Anxiety: general apprehension that one is in danger. (Differs from fear: a reaction to real and identifiable threats.)  Panic-Attacks: choking sensation, chest pain, dizziness, trembling and hot flashes

 GAD is common  Characteristics:  Fear of unknown and unforeseen circumstances prevents enjoyment of life  Neglect relationships and have trouble forming relationships  Vicious cycle: worry, worry causes difficulty completing tasks, which causes greater worry  Despite it being self-defeating, often refuse to give up behaviors  Who?  Anyone, even children and adolescence

 Phobias  Panic Disorder: extreme anxiety that manifests in the form of panic attacks (usually lasts minutes but can last hours and occurs without warning)  Obsessive –Compulsive Disorder  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

 An intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation  Includes Social phobia or Anxiety

 Extreme anxiety that manifests in the form of panic attacks (usually lasts minutes but can last hours and occurs without warning)  Panic: a feeling of sudden, helpless terror, such as overwhelming feeling of fright when one is cornered by a predator

 Obsession: uncontrollable pattern of thought  Compulsion: repeatedly performed behaviors  May serve as a diversion from a person’s real fears, thus reducing anxiety  Most recognize thoughts and actions are irrational but feel unable to stop them

 Condition in which a person who experienced a traumatic event feels severe and long-lasting aftereffects.  Common in combat veterans and survivors of terrorist attacks, natural disasters, rape, child abuse and other traumatic events

 A condition in which there is no apparent physical cause  Psychologists generally treat by “challenging” the individuals thinking  Types:  Conversion Disorders  Hypochondriasis  Dissociative Disorders

 Changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary bodily function  Many believe a person suffering from c.d. unconsciously invent physical symptoms to gain freedom from unbearable conflict  Ex. Someone’s who’s family has been threatened if they reveal a secret may lose the ability to speak

 A person in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments  Will often switch practitioners, believing each doctor has failed to detect the problem  Occurs equally in men and women and usually in one’s early 20’s  Similar to conversion, occurs when an individual represses emotions and then expresses them symbolically in physical symptoms

 A disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness  An effort to dissociate themselves from stressful events  Types:  Dissociative amnesia  Dissociative fugue  Dissociative identity disorder

 The inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events

 A person suddenly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past  Might actually create an entirely new identity  Can last days or decades but when they come out of it, they have no recollection of the interim

 A person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own pattern of thinking and behaving  Often believed that dividing up of personality is the individual’s effort to escape a part of the self that he/ she fears.  People diagnosed with DID usually suffered sever physical, psychological or sexual abuse during childhood.

 Involves confused and disordered thoughts and perceptions  Problem of cognition involving emotion, perception and motor functions  They often:  Withdraw from normal life  Distorted perceptions and behavior reach irrational, fantastical, fear-laden unimaginable levels  Loss of contact with reality

 “Someone with depression or severe anxiety problems dreams in an unreal way about life, while a person with schizophrenia lives life as an unreal dream.”  No single cause or cure  Collection of symptoms:  Confused use of language (word salad): i.e. “Naturally, I’m growing my father’s hair.”  Delusions: i.e. tin foil to prevent gov’t from entering brain  Hallucinations: i.e. hearing voices  Disturbance of Affect: emotions not matching situation

 Autism  Asperger’s Syndrome  Pervasive Developmental Disorders- Not Otherwise Specified  PDD includes:  Autism  Asperger’s  Rhett’s Syndrome  PDD-NOS  Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

 A group of disorders marked by delayed development of socialization and communication skills.  Symptoms usually by age 3  Can have some and not all  Problems with language  Relating to other people  Repetitive patterns of behavior  Unusual styles of play  Difficulty in dealing with change

 Major Depressive Disorder: sever form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities  Bipolar Disorder: an individual alternates between mania and depression  Seasonal affective Disorder

 Maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one’s environment  Includes a wide-range: self-defeating personality patterns (excessive shyness) to vain, pushy show-offs

DisorderCharacteristics Displayed Antisocial Pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others without feeling remorse Avoidant Pattern of self-consciousness in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to criticism Borderline Instability in interpersonal relationships and self-image and marked impulsivity Dependent Pattern of submissiveness and excessive need to be taken care of Histrionic Excessive emotions; excessively seeks attention Narcissistic Exaggerated sensed of self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy Obsessive- Compulsive Has an intense interest in being orderly, having control, and achieving perfection Paranoid Distrusts others; perceives others as having evil motives Schizoid Pattern of detachment from social relationships and limited range of emotional expression Schizotypal Feels intense discomfort in close relationships; has distorted thinking and eccentric behavior

 A major reason: people tend to fear what they do not understand  How should mental disorders be treated?