© West Educational Publishing Mental Disorders C HAPTER 17 M ost people with mental disorders have been overwhelmed by stress and can no longer cope. Another group suffer from disturbances created by chemical malfunctions. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Causes of Mental Disorders Combination of these reasons EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Definitions of Abnormal Behaviors 1. The person may have extreme anxiety, endless worry, and depression. 2. The person acts in bizarre ways. He or she cannot react normally or is constantly depressed. 3. The person cannot act out his or her role efficiently. 4. The person has self-defeating behaviors. 5. The person sees the world as threatening, dangerous, and rejecting. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing It’s All a Matter of Degree EXIT All of us fall somewhere on this scale. Furthermore, we all fluctuate from week to week or month to month from one point to another. The further left we fluctuate, the more likely it is that we need outside help. The two end points are theoretical, of course – no one is either completely “abnormal” or “supernormal.”

© West Educational Publishing Disorders of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Description: Child may be  unable to focus on a task  easily distracted or frustrated  impulsive  constantly moving and restless Causes are still unknown Treatment varies  Ritalin (stimulant)  Structuring the child’s environment  1 / 3 of cases continue into adulthood EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Autism  fails to develop communication patterns, social interactions, and emotional responses.  is difficult to feed, and does not respond with smiles.  may rock or stare off into space.  may not attach to adults but will to objects.  may not have recognition or a visible response to the spoken word. Description: The child Causes are unknown; may be brain malfunction; heredity may play a part. Treatment varies and is inconsistent. Degree of autism is biggest factor in deciding how to treat. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension that includes sweating palms, erratic breathing, and a pounding heart. Click on the disorders for more information. Phobias Obsessive- Compulsive Behaviors Panic Disorder EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Panic Disorders Occur when the person is under stress Caused by physical and chemical problems Medicine can reduce symptoms Overwhelming attacks of anxiety Psychotherapy can be useful Click for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Agoraphobia is fear of leaving a familiar place. Most phobics are women. Certain objects or events can “disable” a person. Phobias Can include very specific categories such as snakes. Click for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Obsessions are recurring thoughts. Some drugs can reduce symptoms. Compulsions are ritualized behaviors. Result from guilt, anxiety, and insecurity. Obsessive- Compulsive Behaviors Click for more information. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorders Hypochondriasis Psychological problem is converted into a physiological dysfunction. People overly concerned about their health. An illness occurs for every physical complaint. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Memories related to a trauma disappear. Memories related to a trauma disappear and the person starts life all over. A person will have several personalities that are unique. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Mood Disorders Mania Bipolar Major Depression Dysthymic Disorder Moderate depression that will go away without therapy Lasting from a couple of weeks to months Restlessness, inability to concentrate, and rapid speech Swings of mania and depression EXIT

© West Educational Publishing  Difficult to trace cause, as the problem can come and go without treatment.  Females are twice as likely to be moderately depressed and to suffer from dysthymic disorder as males; four times as likely to suffer from major depression. Males and females suffer from bipolar disorder at about the same rate, however.  Depression lies on a continuum from mild to severe; moderate depression can turn into major depression. Causes of Mood Disorders MILDMODERATESEVERE EXIT

© West Educational Publishing  Learned helplessness is a factor associated with depression. In this situation, people believe they are unable to help themselves get better.  People with poor self-images are more prone to depression.  Levels of the chemical serotonin in the brain also play a role in mania and depression. Causes of Mood Disorders (continued) EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Characteristics of Psychotic Disorders PSYCHOTIC DISORDER (Psychosis) – A severe mental disorder that may involve disorganized thought processes, hallucinations, delusions, & major problems with emotional responses. EXIT Major disorganization of thought processes Confused & extreme emotional responses Distorted perceptions of the world Loss of contact with & difficulty in recognizing reality

© West Educational Publishing Symptoms of Psychotic Disorders 1.Thought Disorders... a distortion of thinking Thought Disorder – A serious distortion in the ability to think or speak in a lucid coherent way. 4. Inappropriate emotional responses 3.Delusions... false or inaccurate beliefs Delusion – A belief in something that is clearly not true. 2.Hallucinations... to see or hear things that are not present Hallucinating – The act of seeing or hearing something that is not present. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Schizophrenic Disorders EXIT Schizophrenia – A psychosis involving disorganized thoughts and garbled speech as well as hallucinations & delusions; the most serious mental disorder.

© West Educational Publishing Schizophrenic Disorders EXIT Characteristics: A psychosis Most serious of mental disorders Affects about 1% of population Speech of schizophrenics – Word salad or has clang associations Probably not a single disorder – different causes & degrees of severity Appears in late adolescence or early adulthood – Probably results from physical or chemical problem, not psychological. Types: Catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated. Not out of touch with reality all the time… Only during psychotic episodes which occur in cycles.

© West Educational Publishing Schizophrenic Disorders Symptoms Disorganized Thoughts Hallucinations – seeing or hearing something that’s not present Delusion – Belief in something that’s clearly not true. Garbled Speech Word Salad – Speech in which words are mixed incoherently Clanging/Clang Associations – Rhythmic patterns associated with psychotic speech. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Types of Schizophrenia Catatonic Paranoid Undifferentiated Sufferers can hold an unusual posture for hours Feelings of persecution and suspiciousness Difficult to distinguish symptoms EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Hereditary and Environmental Factors in Schizophrenia 1. Heredity plays a role but is not the only or major cause ( a person may have a predisposition). 2. Environment may play a role in the development of schizophrenia but is not the major factor. 3. A strange and bizarre family life may trigger appearance in someone who is predisposed. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Chemical Factors in Schizophrenia 1. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter found in the brain. 2. Schizophrenics have very high levels of dopamine. 3. They report that they feel agitated, talk rapidly, and their thoughts are racing. 4. Some schizophrenics report that lower levels of dopamine make them feel better. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder These people consistently come into conflict with the law and show little or no concern, guilt, or anxiety. Borderline Personality Disorder These people have unstable and intense relationships with others. They are dependent on others and yet, sabotage those relationships. They have problems controlling their impulses; their perceptions and thoughts are distorted. EXIT

© West Educational Publishing Pause for Thought Qs – Answers (Add to and fix your paper in a different color!) 1- What are 4 characteristics of psychotic disorders? A:Distortion of mental processes or thought disorders Visual or auditory hallucinations Delusions Bizarre emotional responses 2- Some schizophrenics have peculiar speech patterns at times. Describe those speech patterns. A:Word Salad – mix words together incoherently Clang Association – word rhymes

© West Educational Publishing Pause for Thought Qs – Answers (Add to and fix your paper in a different color!) 3- Describe several environmental & chemical factors in schizophrenia. A:A predisposition for schizophrenia is probably inherited. Environment can play a role, but is not a major cause. (EX: Case Study – Michael W. – disturbed home-life.) Schizophrenics seem to have an excess of dopamine, which causes neurons to fire too rapidly, which in turn leads to disturbances in speech patterns. Researchers feel that psychological problems can cause the body to manufacture too much dopamine, so schizophrenia may not be JUST a physical problem that can be treated with drugs.

© West Educational Publishing Pause for Thought Qs – Answers (Add to and fix your paper in a different color!) 4- How are personality disorders different from other disorders discussed in Chapter 17? A:People who suffer from personality disorders are not overly anxious or guilty. They are NOT psychotic. Describe antisocial personality disorder (include explanation of psycho & sociopaths) AND borderline personality disorder. APD – Personality disorder in which the person seems to have no conscience & is in constant conflict with the law. They show little to no concern, guilt, or anxiety. Neither drug or psychological treatment works to help them. They will agree and cooperate and seem better and then go right back to their previous behavior – to their favorite crime(s). Psychopathic behavior – Label given to those who committed crimes like beating up old ladies to ax murder. Sociopathic – Behavior of people with antisocial personality disorder toward society is abnormal.

© West Educational Publishing Pause for Thought Qs – Answers (Add to and fix your paper in a different color!) Describe antisocial personality disorder (include explanation of psycho & sociopaths) AND borderline personality disorder. BPD – Personality disorder marked by unstable emotions and relationships, dependency, and manipulative, self- destructive behavior. They can admit that they are dependent. They constantly test other people and sabotage their relationships. They appear to be “clingy” and needy. They frequently use self-destructive behavior to manipulate others. They are afraid of being abandoned. They are emotionally unstable and have trouble controlling their impulses. Sometimes their perceptions and thoughts are distorted.

© West Educational Publishing Pause for Thought Qs – Answers (Add to and fix your paper in a different color!) 5- Why did the hospital staff recognize a psychologist faking symptoms of psychosis (and being admitted to a hospital) as a phony? It’s highly unusual for someone to fake symptoms of psychosis to get admitted to a mental institution, so doctors were not looking for this. They probably accept patients’ complaints at face value. Once the experimenter was admitted, doctors viewed him in accordance with his label.

© West Educational Publishing Pretend as though you have been arrested for a crime and before you stand trial, you have to answer a series of questions. 1- When I go to court the lawyer will _________________. 2- When I was accused of the crime, I _________________. 3- If the jury finds me guilty, I __________________. 4- While listening to the witnesses testify against me, I _____________. 5- When I was accused of the crime, I thought to myself ______________. 6- When I think of being sent to prison, I ______________.

© West Educational Publishing Summary of Main Topics Covered Abnormal Behaviors Childhood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Conversion Hypochondriasis { { Amnesia, Fugue, D. I. D. { Dysthymic, Depression, Mania, Bipolar Causes of Mental Disorders ADHD Autism { Panic Disorder, Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive { Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders EXIT