TheReformation The Reformation Historiography Photo Credits Sacred DestinationsLucas Cranach Gertrude KanuLee Lai Stephen KompCharlotte Nordahl Mike ReedAlex Bepple Debra DindaR. Bean

Multiple Viewpoints Catholic : reckless revolt –polity / church governance Protestant : religious vitality –religious vitality Secular : cultural maze-way –class/cultural struggle

Complex Causes Derivative : –Many causes had roots in prior century’s struggles Determinative : –Creative and bold leaders were instrumental in shaping Reformation direction

Demarcating the Reformation Continental Reformation – (Wittenberg to Trent) Breadth / Scope –German (Lutheran) –Swiss (Reformed) –Radical (Anabaptist) –English (Anglican) –Catholic (Counter-reformation)

TheReformation The Reformation Five Causes of Continental Reformation Photo Credits Sacred DestinationsLucas Cranach Gertrude KanuLee Lai Stephen KompCharlotte Nordahl Mike ReedAlex Bepple Debra DindaR. Bean

Education Enhancements Impact of Nominalism on scholastic theology –Undercut Medieval synthesis The New Learning (15th-16th centuries) –Impact of Renaissance and Christian humanism

New World Discoveries Exploration opened up European world to Western hemisphere Rise of Imperialism— coveting of new world wealth Political imperialism inspired religious expansion and control

Economic Transformation Church was draining resources to finance ultramontane agendas Discontent among peasants exploited by landowners Merchant class (bourgeois) expanding in power/size

Rising Nationalism – Nation States From feudalism to centralized monarchies Splintering the Empire in 16th c Severance from Papal-Church control Dissolving ancient ideal of Christendom -- End of an Era

Four Ecclesiastical Pressures 1.Problems in structure / function of papacy –Secularity / declining authority of hierarchy –Church taxation become more burdensome –Many poor Popes just preceding the Reformation –Religious abuses: interdict / excommunication common –Political intrigue: Questions over papacy’s temporal power raised

Four Ecclesiastical Pressures 2.Problems in the function of the church –Secularization of clergy –Education: priestly education needed –Simony: creating offices and selling the posts –Sinecures: Salaried position without any work –Injustices/abuses –Indulgence abuses

Four Ecclesiastical Pressures 3.Doctrinal Confusion: Misunderstanding the source of decadence/decay –Official view of 16th c. reform skewed – moral/practical only –Doctrinal/theological change needed 4.Failure of all earlier attempts at reform –Mysticism –Conciliarism –Prophetic Messengers

TheReformation The Reformation The Lutheran Reformation of Martin Luther Photo Credits Sacred DestinationsLucas Cranach Gertrude KanuLee Lai Stephen KompCharlotte Nordahl Mike ReedAlex Bepple Debra DindaR. Bean

Martin Luther Biographical Sketch Formative Years to 1517 –Born to Hans Luder (miner) –University of Erfert –Monastery: Augustinian Monk –Ordained: A miserable first mass –Pursuit of Theological Studies Wittenberg University Pilgrimage to Rome –Evangelical Breakthrough Romans 1:16-17 “97 Theses” Hans Luder Margarethe Luder

Martin Luther Biographical Sketch Indulgence Developments – 1517 –Archbishop’s request for dispensation –Tetzel preaches the papal Indulgence –Frederick the Wise of Saxony prohibited sale in his territory –Luther shocked by instructions given Oct he posts “95 Theses” on Wittenberg Castle Church to dispute issue

Schlosskirche - Castle Church by Alex Bepple

Martin Luther Biographical Sketch Indulgence Developments – 1517 –Archbishop’s request for dispensation –Tetzel preaches the papal Indulgence –Frederick the Wise of Saxony prohibited sale in his territory –Luther shocked by instructions given Oct he posts “95 Theses” on Wittenberg Castle Church to dispute issue –Rapid dissemination of Theses

Reaction to the “Wild Boar” Luther Ordered to Give an Account of His Ideas – Diet of Augsburg The Leipzig Debate, 1519 –Eck vs. Luther – The excommunication Luther’s Publications –On Good Works –Address to Christian Nobility of the German Nation –Babylonian Captivity of the Church –The Freedom of a Christian

Reaction to the “Wild Boar” The Diet of Worms - January 1521 “My conscience is a prisoner of God’s word. I cannot and will not recant, for to disobey one’s conscience is neither just nor safe. God help me. Amen.” Here I stand: by Roland Bainton Motto : “Peace where possible, but truth at any cost.” Edict of Worms : Condemns Luther as heretic Luther is now to be seen as a convicted heretic. He has 21 days from the 15th of April. After that time, no one should give him shelter. His followers also are to be condemned, and his books will be erased from human memory.

Painting of the Diet of Worms in the Lutherhalle, Wittenberg by S Komp

Plaque marking the spot where Luther stood before the Diet of Worms Detail of plaque at Diet of Worms

Reaction to the “Wild Boar” Frederick the Wise “kidnaps” Luther –Secluded at Wartburg Castle as “Knight George” –Translates Bible into German –Writes “On Monastic Vows”

Reformation Takes Hold Problems back at Wittenberg –Karlstadt –The Zwickau Prophets –Eight Days of Wittenberg Sermons Further Events in the early movement –Political contests helped shield Luther from arrest –Humanist Separation over the nature of man –Radical Reformers like Thomas Muntzer –Peasant Revolt –Luther’s marriage to Katherine von Bora in 1525 City Church (Stadtkirche)

Painting of Martin Luther being introduced to Katherina von Bora

Katherine von Bora Katharinenportal & exterior niche Photo by S. Komp

Scenes from the Lutherhaus

Politics of Reform First Diet of Speyer 1526 –cuius regio eius religio – each region its own religion Second Diet of Speyer 1529 –Protestatio The Marburg Colloquy 1529 (October) –Consubstantiation vs. Memorial The Diet of Augsburg 1530 (June) –Augsburg Confession The Schmalkald League – 1531 –April 15, 1531 deadline for Lutheranism

Political Developments Ambitious Reunion Plans of Emperor –Charles V’s Great Plan –forced reunion –Assisted by Protestant setbacks Philip of Hesse sinks his political career Luther dies (1546) Schmalkaldic Wars ( )

Political Developments Peace of Augsburg 1555 –Equal rights (freedom of religion) extended to Catholics and Lutherans only –Princes determine faith, not populace –Territories/properties revert to holdings as of 1552 –Those dissatisfied with territorial religion allowed one uninhibited emigration to territory of their choice

Reformed Doctrines of Lutheranism Summary of Luther’s Ideology Question How is a person saved? Where does religious authority lie? What is the Church? What is the essence of Christian living? Lutheran Response Not by works but by faith alone Not in visible institution of R.C. church, but in the Word of God found in Scripture The whole community of Christian believers, since all are priests Serving God in any useful calling

Reformed Doctrines of Lutheranism The Book of Concord 1580 (Last great Lutheran Creed/Symbols) –Three Universal Creeds of early church –Augsburg Confession –Apology (of Augsburg Confession) –Schmalkald Articles –Small and Large Catechisms Confessionalism  Protestant Scholasticism