The Skeletal System Chapter 6

Structure and Function of the Skeletal System Lesson 1

Do Now Read I.C.E “Broken Bones” Answer: 1.  List and describe 3 types of fracture. 2. When should fracture be suspected? 3. Describe the 4 steps of bone repair

Functions of the Skeleton Support Protection Produce blood cells in the red marrow All fetal bones have red marrow, only certain adult bones have red marrow Store minerals and fat Ca, P, yellow marrow) Movement

Types of Bones Long: longer than wide Short: cube Flat Irregular: round

Long Bones Periosteum Epiphysis: expanded portions at ends of the bone Continuous with ligaments and tendons Connective tissue covering Protection Blood vessels Epiphysis: expanded portions at ends of the bone Diaphysis: between epiphyses Medullary cavity Inside shaft (diaphysis) Stores yellow marrow (fat) Articular cartilage: hyaline where bones meet at a joint

In class assignment Exercise 5.2 worksheet

Homework Text pg. 125-126 “Study Questions” # 1-5

Bone Composition Lesson 2

Do Now Label the Diagram in your notebooks. Take out homework from last night Take out Worksheet Exercise 5.2

Red Bone Marrow Found in long bones Site of hematopoiesis: red blood cell (RBC) formation Location: Skull Ribs Sternum Vertebrae Ends of long bones

Compact/Cortical Bone Dense, outer surface of the bone Osteocytes: bone cells Canaliculi: bring O2 and nutrients to osteocytes Central canal Contains blood vessels and nerves Connect osteocytes

Spongy Bone Cancellous Lighter Compact Strong Can withstand stress

Bone Growth Osteoprogenitor: unspecialized cells Osteoblasts: Build/form bones Osteocytes: mature bone cells Osteoclasts Found in red bone marrow Break down bone to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream

Ossification Formation of bone Intramembranous: bone develops between fibrous connective tissue Ex: skull Endochrondral: cartilage breaks down and lays down spongy bone which thickens and becomes compact Epiphyseal plate band of cartilage between primary and secondary ossification sites Rate of growth is controlled by hormones When the plates close growth stops

In class assignment Long bone worksheet

Cranium Lesson 3

Do Now Chapter 21 Study guide worksheet

Axial Appendicular Cranium (head) Vertebrae (spinal column) Thoracic bones (ribs) Upper limbs Pelvis (hip bone) Lower limbs

Cranium Immovable joints 6 bones 1 frontal 2 parietal 1 Occipital 2 temporal Newborns have fontanels which are not fused

Frontal: forehead, nose, eyesockets Parietal: sides of head Occipital: posterior of skull Foramen magnum: hole for spinal cord Occiptal condyle: rounded on sides of foramen magnum Attaches to c1 Temporal: inferior to parietal

Temporal External acoustic meatus: ear canal Mandibular fossa: meets jaw Mastoid process: attaches to neck muscles Styloid process: attaches tongue and larynx Zygomatic process: cheekbone Sphenoid bone: floor of cranium near eyes, butterfly shape Sella turcica: pituitary gland depression Ethmoid bone: anterior to sphenoid, floor of cranium, forms nasal cavity Crista galli: triangle attachment for brain membranes Cribriform plate: holes for nerves and nose sensors Perpendicular plate: forms superior nasal septum Superior middle nasal conchae: increases nasal cavity, attaches nasal mucous membranes

In class assignment Labeling diagrams

Homework Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 6

Facial Bones Lesson 4

Do Now Video: The Skull

Facial Bones 2 Maxillae: upper jaw Vomer bone: 2 Zygomatic bones: Palantine process: roof of mouth Alveolar process: tooth sockets 2 Zygomatic bones: Cheekbones Zygomatic arch 2 Lacrimal bones: Between the eyes/nose Holes for tear ducts 2 Nasal Bones: Bridge of nose Cartilage Vomer bone: inferior position of nasal septum Joins ethmoid bone and perpendicular plate 2 Inferior nasal conchae: Lateral walls of nasal cavity Mandible: lower jaw/chin Mandibular condyle: attaches to temporal bone Coronoid process: chewing muscle attachment

Hyoid Bone Superior to larynx Does not articulate with any other bone Suspended Anchors tongue and swallowing muscles

In class assignment Skull labeling diagrams

Homework Test Items worksheet

Cranium Quiz Practicum and Written

Vertebral Column Lesson 5

Do Now Video: The Vertebral Column

Vertebral Column 1 curve in the fetus Cervical curve forms 3-4 months after birth Curves provide support Protects spinal cord Skull to pelvis ~33 bones 7 cervical (neck) C1: atlas C2: axis 12 thoracic (chest) 5 lumbar (low back) 5 fused sacral 3-5 fused coccyx (tailbone)

Disorders of the Spine Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis When do these abnormalities occur? Where? What can be don’t to correct?

Intervertebral Disks Cartilage disks found between vertebral bones Prevent grinding Shock absorption Allow flexion/extension/lateral movements

Herniated Disk Slip or rupture of the cartilaginous disk Can press on the spinal nerves and cause pain Treatment: Repair Removal – vertebrae are fused together and provide substantially less range of motion

Vertebral Structures Vertebrae are small at the top of the spine Why? Vertebrae are larger at the bottom of the spine Foramen: hole for the spinal cord to pass from the brain

In class assignment Vertebrae Worksheet

Homework Complete worksheet

Vertebral Column Quiz Written and Practical

Thoracic Cavity Lesson 6

Do Now Take out and Check Answers to the homework sheet

Atlas and Axis 2 special cervical vertebrae C1 and C2 Atlas: supports and balances the head (nodding) Axis: allows shaking of the head (no) Odontoid process connects it to the atlas

Rib Cage Protective (heart/lungs) Flexible (breathing) 12 pairs (24 total) Connect to thoracic vertebrae “True ribs”: first 7 pairs which connect to the sternum by costal cartilage “False ribs”: 5 pairs which do not attach to the sternum

Sternum Breastbone 3 bones: 1. Manubrium (superior) ribs 1-2 2. Body (Middle/largest) ribs 3-7 3. Xiphoid (inferior/smallest) no ribs - attaches to diaphragm - separates thoracic and abdominal cavities - site for CPR

Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle: 2 clavicles 2 scapulae Upper Limb: 2 humerus 2 radius 2 ulna 14 carpals 28 phalanges Pelvic Girdle: 2 coxal bones Sacrum coccyx Lower Limb: 2 femur 2 tibia 2 fibula 14 tarsals 10 metatarsals

In class assignment Thoracic Labeling Diagrams http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?isbn=0072829532&alaid=ala_733424&showSelfStudyTree=true

Homework Text pg 126 “Study Questions” # 9

Thoracic and Pelvic Girdle Quiz Written and Practical

Upper Limb Lesson 7

Do Now Video:The Appendicular Skeleton: Upper Limb

Clavicle Collarbone Slender “s” shaped Articulates with manubrium and sternum Weak

Scapula Structures Shoulder blades Broad Flexible Not connected Spine Acromion process: articulates with clavicle Attaches arm and chest muscles Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Articulates with humerus

Humerus Distal End Proximal End Capitulum: Head: Trochlea: Lateral condyle articulates with the radial head Trochlea: Condyle articulates with the ulna Coronoid fossa: Depression for ulna during flexion Olecranon fossa: Depression for ulna during extension Head: Articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula Greater and lesser tubercles: Attach muscles to move the arm and shoulder Intertubercular groove: Holds biceps brachii Deltoid tuberosity: Attaches deltoid

Radius Proximal End Distal End Head: Articulates with capitulum of humerus and ulna Radial tuberosity: Attaches biceps brachii Ulnar notch: Articulates with the head of the ulna Styloid process: Attaches wrist ligaments

Ulna Distal End Proximal End Head: Styloid process: Coronoid process: Articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius Styloid process: Attaches wrist ligaments Proximal End Coronoid process: Articulates with the coronoid fossa of the humerus during flexion Olecranon process: Articulates with the olecranon process of the humerus during extension Trochlear notch: Articulates with the troclear notch of the humerus Radial notch: Articulates with the head of the radius

Carpals 8 bones Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium

Metacarpals 5 bones – 1-5 from the thumb Thumb: 1st metacarpal Can touch all fingers Metacarpal heads are visible when the fist is clenches

Phalanges Thumb: 4 fingers: 2 bones (proximal, distal) 3 bones (proximal, medial, distal)

In class assignment Upper Limb Labeling Diagrams http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?isbn=0072829532&alaid=ala_733424&showSelfStudyTree=true

Homework Text pg. 126”Study Questions” # 10 & 11

Upper Limb Quiz Written and Practical

Pelvic Girdle Lesson 8

Do Now Video: The Appendicular Skeleton: Lower Limb (2) Pelvic Girdle

Coxal Bones Illium: Ischium Pubis All 3 meet together at the acetabulum which articulates with the head of the femur

Illium Flares outward Iliac crest: Anterior/posterior iliac spine: Prominance (hip bones) Anterior/posterior iliac spine: End points of crest Greater sciatic notch: Connects to sacrum Blood vessels Sciatic nerve

Ischium Ischial tubersity: Ischial spine: What you “sit” on Between iliium and ischium Determines the size of the pelvis

Pubis Pubic symphysis: Obturator foramen: Joins both pubic bones Hole for blood vessels and nerves

Gender Differences Male Female Broader Thicker More flared Heavier Muscle attachment sites are larger Broader More flared Wider Lighter Thinner

In class assignment Pelvic Girdle diagram

Homework Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 12 & 13

Lower Limb Lesson 9

Do Now Take out Homework from Tuesday Take out Skeletal System Notes

Femur Distal End Proximal End Medial/lateral epicondyle: Attaches muscles and ligaments Lateral/medial condyle: Articulates with the tibia Patellar surface: Between condyles Anterior Articulates with the patella Proximal End Head: articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone Greater/lesser trochanters: Attaches thigh muscles Linea aspera: Attaches muscles

Patella Kneecap Protects knee joint

Tibia Thick Weight bearing Medial/lateral condyles: Tibial tuberosity: Articulates with the femur Tibial tuberosity: Attaches to patellar ligaments Anterior crest: shin Medial malleolus: Bulge on the inner ankle Articulates with the talus

Fibula Slender Lateral to tibia Articulates with the tibia below the lateral condyle Lateral malleolus: Articulates with the talus Outer bulge Stabilizes ankle

Tarsals 7 bones per ankle Talus moves freely Joins with tibia and fibula Calcaneus (heel)

Metatarsals 5 bones per foot Distal ends (balls of feet) Form arches Longitudinal Transverse

Phalanges 14 bones per foot 1st toe has 2 bones (proximal, distal) 4 toes have 3 bones (proximal, medial, distal)

In class assignment ARIS labeling diagram

Homework Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 14

Upper and Lower Limb Quiz Written and Practical

Joints Lesson 10

Do Now

Joints Classified by the amount of movement: Synarthrosis - Immovable Amphiarthrosis – Slightly Movable Diarthrosis - Freely Movable

Classified by Structure Fibrous Fibrous connective tissue Binds bone to bone Usually immovable Cartilaginous Fibrocartilage or hyaline Bind bones Usually slightly movable Synovial Bones do not touch Enclosed in capsule Usually freely movable

Fibrous (Sutures) Coronal Lamboidal Squamosal Sagittal Tooth/socket Between parietal and frontal Lamboidal Between parietal and occipital Squamosal Between parietal and temporal Sagittal Between parietals Tooth/socket

Cartilaginous Ribs Pubic symphysis Joined to sternum by costal cartilage Pubic symphysis Expands during pregnancy Controlled by hormones

Synovial Joint cavity Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Move freely Stabilized by ligaments and tendons Bones protected by hyaline cartilage and menisci and bursae

In class assignment labeling: joints

Homework Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 15

Synovial Joints Lesson 11

Do Now

Types of Synovial Joints Saddle Ball and socket Pivot Hinge Gliding Condyloid

Saddle Joint Fits complementary Ex: metacarpals

Ball and Socket Joint Ball fits into cup shape Wide range of motion Rotation Ex: shoulder/hip

Pivot Joint One bone pivots around another Ex: proximal ends of the radius and ulna/ between the atlas and axis

Hinge Joint Convex/concave Ex: knee/elbow

Gliding Joint Flat Sliding or twisting motion Ex: wrist/ankle

Condyloid Joint Oval Move in different planes No rotation Ex between metacarpals and phalanges

Synovial Joint Movements Angular Circular Special Flexion Circumduction Inversion Extension Rotation Eversion Adductions Supination Elevation Abduction Pronation Depression

Homeostasis Protect internal organs Assist all phases of respiration Store and release calcium Assist lymphatic system and immune system Assist digestion locomotion

In class assignment Joint packet

Homework Text pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 16-18

Review Lesson 12