QUIZ 1.Only 1,733 Southern families owned a (what #)_ or more slaves. 2.Who was considered more expendable by 1860, a field hand or an Irish laborer? 3.Denmark ______ led a famous, though unsuccessful, revolt in Charleston in The American Colonization Society founded what African country in 1822? 5.In 1836 Southerners drove through the “____ rule” to prohibit debate over slavery in the House of Representative.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION CAUSES Social? Political? Economic? EFFECTS Social? Political? Economic? Women? Minorities?

The South in the mid-1800’s is increasingly… Single Crop Plantation Economy (Cotton) Rural Segregated –black v. white –rich planters v. poor whites Oligarchic and Aristocratic Monopolistic Fearful of Northern interference & slave revolts

King Cotton 1793: Cotton Gin allows short-fiber cotton to be harvested – explosion of cotton production Ind. Rev. in NE and GB creates demand for cotton for textile mills South produces more than 50% of world’s cotton

Slaves ginning cotton The invention of the cotton gin and the spread of cotton agriculture throughout the American south created an enormous new demand for slave workers and changed the nature of their work. A handful of slaves could process large amounts of fiber using the revolutionary new machine, but it took armies of field workers to produce the raw cotton. (Library of Congress) Slaves ginning cotton Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

ANIMATION AT: Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin  Short Staple Cotton Production  Expansion of Slavery Economy

Map: Cotton Production in the South Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Cotton Agriculture and Slave Population Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Planter Aristocracy In 1850 only 1,733 families own 100 or more slaves Planter “class” rules socially, politically, economically Admire feudal society – Sir Walter Scott Vast majority of white southerners work land with their slaves or have no slaves at all Growing gap between poor whites and planters White subsistence farmers support slavery b/c of racial superiority – contrary to economics “mountain whites” alienated from Planter class

Colonel and Mrs. James A Whiteside, Son Charles and Servants by James A. Cameron This portrait captures the patriarchy as well as the graciousness that whites associated with the ideal plantation. The slave waiter, nurse and planter's wife all appear overshadowed by the master's presence. (Hunter Museum of Art, Chattanooga, TN, Gift of Mr. & Mrs. Thomas B. Whiteside) Colonel and Mrs. James A Whiteside, Son Charles and Servants by James A. Cameron Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Ye Southern Planter 1838, artist unknown Despite the popular image that antebellum planters lived lives of idle luxury in great mansions, most actually lived in modest homes and worked alongside their employees and slaves, as this 1838 painting by an anonymous artist shows. (Dr. Richard Saloom) Ye Southern Planter 1838, artist unknown Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Slave System King Cotton  unstable Southern economy –Lack of diversification –Vulnerable to market fluctuations –Relies on slave labor (expensive) –Speculation and “land butchery” Little immigration  remains Anglo-Saxon Protestant Value of slaves continues slave importation up to Civil War Internal slave trade/slave auctions provide most slaves Runaway slaves a growing concern

Map: The Internal Slave Trade, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave by Henry Byam Martin, 1833 White southerners could not escape the fact that much of the Western world loathed their "peculiar institution." In 1833, when a Canadian sketched this Charleston slave auction, Britain abolished slavery in the West Indies. (National Archives of Canada) The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave by Henry Byam Martin, 1833 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Slave sale in Easton, Maryland, mid 1800s

Life of a Slave Slaves are increasingly valuable ($1800 by 1860) Slaves are increasingly sold “down the river” from soil- depleted areas. Auctions separate families. Slaves have no civil or political rights Victimized by owners and white society Beatings not uncommon Slaves manage to preserve family bonds, culture, and faith NOTE: Though increasingly rare, there were free blacks in the South. 250,000 by 1860.

Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 The laws of southern states had long stipulated that masters could use whatever means they deemed necessary to prevent slave runaways and insolence. In the early 1800s, some planters adopted this so-called restraining mask to punish slaves. (Library of Congress) Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Nurse and charge Slavery did not prevent white children and their slave nurses from forming attachments to each other. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) Nurse and charge Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

American Anti-Slavery Almanac, 1840 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

This handbill urging opponents of abolitionists to obstruct an anti-slavery meeting demonstrates the depth of pro-slavery feeling. Although the handbill advocates peaceful means, violence sometimes erupted between the two factions. An emotion-laden handbill was a factor in the well-known Boston riot of October 21, In that incident, a mob broke into the hall where the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society was meeting, and threatened William Lloyd Garrison's life. "Outrage," February 2, 1837 Handbill

A barber shop, Richmond, 1861 Free blacks dominated the barber's trade in Richmond on the eve of the Civil War. As meeting places for men, barber shops supplied newspapers and political discussion. Black barbers were politically informed and prosperous. As was the custom at the time, barbers also performed medical procedures like drawing blood. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) A barber shop, Richmond, 1861 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Slave Revolts Slaves resist through sabotage and slowdowns 1800: Gabriel leads revolt in Richmond 1822: Denmark Vessey leads rebellion in Charleston 1831: Nat Turner leads revolt in Virginia All Revolts are suppressed quickly and violently. ALSO, the Underground Railroad is a sign of resistance. Example: Marylander Harriet Tubman leads more than 300 to freedom.

Nat Turner, artist unknown No pictures of famed slave revolt leader Nat Turner are known to exist, but this nineteenth-century painting illustrates how one artist imagined the appearance of Turner and his fellow conspirators. White southerners lived in terror of scenes such as this and passed severe laws designed to prevent African Americans from ever having such meetings. (Granger Collection) Nat Turner, artist unknown Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Southern Economy “Web-Storm” South

King Cotton N’thern Industry Slavery “Cotton- ocracy” N’thern Banks Cotton Gin Race Politics Britain