Name and describe the symptoms of one psychological disorder Write a short paragraph about how a psychological disorder has affected someone you know, or know of.

Chapter Fifteen Psychological Disorders

About 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older — about one in four adults — suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. About 6 percent of American adults suffer from a serious mental illness such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and clinical depression. disorders-in-america.shtml#Intro

What Is Abnormal? Statistical Infrequency o Rare Norm Violation o Breaking societal rules and expectations Personal Suffering o Mental discomfort o Physical discomfort o Ability to have relationships, job, school, etc.

Practical Approach for Identifying Abnormality What is the content of the behavior? o I stop bathing o I shower 37 times every day What is the sociocultural context in which the behavior occurs? o We are expected to not smell o We are expected to show up to work on time What are the consequences of the behavior for that person and for others? o People avoid me o I get fired from my job

QOD 4/4/11 (3b) Explain the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders. Explain the diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders

Biopsychosocial Model Biological Factors o Genetics o Neurotransmitters o Brain structure Psychological Processes o Thinking, feeling, learning, behavior Sociocultural Contexts o Shaman or weird dude on the bus? o Homosexuality pathologized until 1973

The Diathesis-Stress Model Diathesis = predisposition

DSM-IV Classification System APA (American Psychological Association) Diagnostic & Statistical Manual #4 Axis I: Diagnosed Mental Disorder Axis II: Personality Disorders (disruptive behavior patterns) /Mental Retardation Axis III: Relevant Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis V: Level of Psychological, Social, and Occupational Functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning GAF)

DSM-IV Axis 1 Axis I: Diagnosed Mental Disorder o Anxiety Disorders  Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder OCD o Somatoform Disorders  Conversion Disorder, Hypochondraisis o Dissociative Disorders  Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) o Mood Disorders  Depression, Bipolar o Schizophrenia

Continue Anxiety Disorders Phobia o Specific o Social o Agoraphobia Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder (attacks) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (did I already do this slide?… I better do it again) Thoughts Actions, thoughts actions, thoughts actions

Phobias - irrational fears Acrophobia: Heights Claustrophobia: Enclosed spaces Hematophobia: Blood Gephyrophobia: Crossing a bridge Kenophobia: Empty rooms Cynophobia: Dogs Coulrophobia- clowns. Aerophobia: Flying Entomophobia: Insects Gamophobia: Marriage Ophdophobia: Snakes Xenophobia: Strangers Melissophobia: Bees Return

Causes of Anxiety Disorders Biological Factors o Genetic influences o Neurotransmitter system abnormalities Psychological Factors o Cognitive processes o Learning

QOD 4/5/11 (3b) List two types of anxiety disorders and describe their symptoms. What does “dissociate” mean?

Somatoform Disorders Soma = Body Conversion Disorder o Sensory or motor failure without physical cause Hypochondriasis o Strong unjustified fear of physical illness. Somatization Disorder o Many physical complaints without physical cause. Pain Disorder o Complaints of severe pain without physical cause.

Return Glove Anesthesia A conversion disorder in which a person can’t feel their hand (B). Neurologically this is impossible because the sensory nerves of the hand and arm are organized as shown in (A) rather than (B).

Causes of Somatoform Disorders Some cases related to: o Childhood experiences. o Severe stressors as triggers. o Cognitive factors. Effect of sociocultural factors on shape of disorder.

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Fugue o New identity o New location Dissociative Amnesia o Sudden loss of memory Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) o Also called Multiple Personality Disorder o Person reports more than one identity

Causes of Dissociative Disorders Psychodynamic View o Repression, unwanted impulses or memories Social-Cognitive View o Extreme example of normal “sides” of personality. o Reinforced by others including therapists Research Conclusions Concerning DID o Have experienced events would like to forget. o Appear to be skilled at self-hypnosis. o Can escape trauma of abuse by creating “new personalities” to deal with stress.

Mood (or Affective) Disorders Depressive Disorders o Major Depressive Disorder (weeks or months) o Dysthymic Disorder (mild but 2 or more years) o Suicide and depression Bipolar Disorders o Depression mixed with Mania  Mania = Elated, excited, active emotional state. o Bipolar I Disorder or Manic Depression o Bipolar II Disorder or Hypomania (hypo=under) o Cyclothymic Disorder  Not as extreme as Bipolar, but over a long period of time.

Return Suicide Most closely tied to depression. Eleventh leading cause of death in U.S. Rates differ depending on sociocultural factors. Difficulty in predicting suicide. o 10% of college students have thoughts of suicide. Many people think about it, but few try. Myth of suicide o People who talk about it may try it. o Take threats seriously and get help.

QOD 4/8/11 Rank the following racial/ethnic groups from highest to lowest rate of suicide. (this is a “what you think” if you haven’t read the chapter yet.) o European American (white) o African American o Hispanic American o Asian American

Return Suicide Rates in Various Ethnic Groups Young Latinas have the highest rate of attempted suicide in the US compared to any other demographic.

Continue Causes of Mood Disorders: Biological Genetics Malfunctions in brain regions devoted to mood. Imbalances in the brain’s neurotransmitter systems. Malfunctioning of the endocrine system. Disruption of Biological Rhythms o Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

James D. Laird and Nicholas S. Thompson, Psychology. Copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission. Return Genetics & Risk of Mood Disorders

Causes of Mood Disorders: Psychological and Social How one thinks about stressors can affect likelihood of mood disorders. o Learned helplessness  Feeling that we are incapable of controlling our lives. o Beck’s cognitive theory of depression  Self blame  Focusing on negative  Overly generalize pessimistic conclusions o Negative attributional style Thinking style can affect depression. o Ruminative vs. distracting

Symptoms of Schizophrenia Thought and language often disorganized. o Word Salad o Clang Association Content of thinking often disturbed. Difficulty in focusing attention. Perceptual Disorders Emotional Disturbances Lack of motivation and poor social skills. Deteriorating personal hygiene. Inability to function on a daily basis.

Categorizing Schizophrenia DSM-IV Subtypes o Paranoid o Disorganized o Catatonic o Undifferentiated o Residual Other Categorizing Methods: o Positive vs. negative symptoms o Psychotic, disorganized, or negative

Causes of Schizophrenia Biological Factors o Genetics o Brain structure abnormalities o Abnormalities in brain chemistry o Neurodevelopmental abnormalities Psychological and Sociocultural Factors Vulnerability Theory

James D. Laird and Nicholas S. Thompson, Psychology. Copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission. Genetics and the Risk of Schizophrenia

How Good is the Diagnostic System? Interrater Reliability Issue (reasonably high) Validity Issue (hard to measure) Problems o Mixed disorders are common o Same symptoms seen in different disorders o Subjective nature of criteria judgments o Labeling can be dehumanizing

DSM-IV Axis 2 Axis 2: Personality Disorders & Retardation o Personality Disorders  Avoidant – avoids newness  Dependent – indecisive, overreliant on others  Obsessive Compulsive – rigid, perfectionistic  Passive-Aggressive – procrastinates, “forgets”  Paranoid – guarded, overcautious  Scizoid – isolated, inexpressive  Antisocial – detatched, strange  Borderline – unstable, fearful of being alone  Histrionic – seductive, shallow, moody  Narcissistic – entitled, self-absorbed…

DSM-IV Personality Disorders Odd-Eccentric Cluster o Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal Anxious-Fearful Cluster o Dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and avoidant Dramatic-Erratic Cluster o Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) Long-term pattern of irresponsible, impulsive, and unscrupulous behavior. o Begins during childhood or early adolescence. Possible Causes: o Genetics o Information processing defects o Social factors

Focus on Research Methods: Exploring Links Between Child Abuse and APD What was the researcher’s question? o Can childhood abuse cause antisocial personality disorder? How did the researcher answer the question? o Identified adults who had been physically or sexually abused before the age of 11. o Compared this group to a non-abused control group.

Focus on Research Methods: Links Between Child Abuse and APD (cont’d.) What did the researcher find? o Exposure to abuse in childhood associated with later criminality and/or violence. o Abused group had higher rate of antisocial personality disorder. What do the results mean? o Abuse may be an important causal factor.

Focus on Research Methods: Links Between Child Abuse and APD (cont’d.) What do we still need to know? o Does APD stem from the abuse itself or other factors accompanying the abuse? o Why did only a small percentage of abused children displayed violence, criminal behavior, and antisocial behavior?

Psychological Disorders of Childhood Externalizing or Undercontrolled Disorders o Conduct Disorders o Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Internalizing or Overcontrolled Disorders o Separation Anxiety Disorder Pervasive Developmental Disorders o Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Substance-Related Disorders Use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm oneself or others. o Physiological dependence or addiction. o Psychological dependence or behavioral dependence. Alcohol Use Disorders Heroin and Cocaine Dependence

Mental Illness and the Law Protecting the accused with severe psychological disorders: o Mentally incompetent to stand trial o Not guilty by reason of insanity