Dr. Martin T. Auer MTU Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Air Quality and Pollution Control

Nitrogen % Oxygen Argon 0.93 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Neon 18.0 ppm (= 18x10 -4 %) Helium 5.2 Methane 1.8 Krypton 1.1 Hydrogen 0.5 Nitrous oxide 0.3 Ozone 0.01 Composition of Clean, Dry (“Pure”) Air Source: Carnegie Mellon University; Environmental Decision Making, Science & Technology

0.14 ppm Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) ppm Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) 9, 35 ppm Carbon monoxide (CO, 8-hour, 1-hour) 1.5  g/m 3 Lead (Pb) ppmOzone (O 3 ) 150  g/m 3 Respirable particulate matter (PM 10 ; rural) 15, 35  g/m 3 Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ; urban; 24-hour, annual) Criteria Pollutants Source: Carnegie Mellon University; Environmental Decision Making, Science & Technology Air pollutants for which the U.S. EPA has limits based on health and/or environmental effects.

Sulfur Dioxide H COO - CH 2 C NH 3 + SH cystine Source: fossil fuels

Sulfur Dioxide Source: roasting mineral ores International Nickel mines and processes nickel sulfide ores in Sudbury, Ontatio. The Inco Superstack, with a height of 380 m (1,247 ft), is the tallest chimney in the Western hemisphere and the second tallest freestanding chimney in the world after the GRES-2 Power Station in Kazakhstan. Combustion of sulfur Formation of acid rain precursor Formation of acid rain (sulfuric acid)

Nitrogen Dioxide cclurem/ptable/co.htm Smog event in Santiago, Chile Nitrogen dioxide High temperature combustion Formation of acid rain (nitric acid) Formation of acid rain precursor

Figure 11.10: Effect of carbon monoxide on health (After W. Agnew Proceedings of the Royal Society A307:153.) Carbon Monoxide Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels Concentration-Exposure Relationship

Lead Atmospheric lead compared with the exposure standard in Perth, Australia. Lead-based paints were phased out in the 1970s and lead was reduced and then removed from gasoline in the 1980s and 1990s.

Ozone A secondary pollutant

Source: Carnegie Mellon University; Environmental Decision Making, Science & Technology Ozone A secondary pollutant Time Course of Ozone Formation

Inversion Meteorology

0.14 ppm Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) ppm Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) 9, 35 ppm Carbon monoxide (CO) 1.5  g/m 3 Lead (Pb) ppmOzone (O 3 ) 150  g/m 3 Respirable particulate matter (PM 10 ; rural) 15, 35  g/m 3 Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ; urban) Criteria Pollutants Source: Carnegie Mellon University; Environmental Decision Making, Science & Technology Air pollutants for which the U.S. EPA has limits based on health And/or environmental effects.

Mobile Source Emission Control

Catalytic Converter Noble metals: resistant to corrosion, e.g. platinum and palladium Mobile Source Emission Control

Stationary Source Emission Control gaseous control technologies particulate control technologies

Stationary Source Emission Control gaseous control technologies particulate control technologies

Stationary Source Emission Control

Sulfur Dioxide 2010 National Nonattainment Areas

Nitrogen Dioxide 2012 National Nonattainment Areas

Carbon Monoxide 2012 National Nonattainment Areas

Lead 2010 National Nonattainment Areas

Ozone 2012 National Nonattainment Areas

Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) 2010 National Nonattainment Areas

Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) 2011 National Nonattainment Areas

Acid Rain: Sources and Precursors Precursor from coal combustion Sulfuric acid

Acid Rain: Generation

Acid Rain: Sensitivity pH of rain buffer capacity

Acid Rain Control: H 2 SO SO 2 emissions million tons 2009

Acid Rain Control: HNO 3 NO x emissions million tons

Stratospheric Ozone Ozone formation Ozone destruction The concentration of stratospheric ozone is determined by the net rate at which formation and destruction proceed.

UV Radiation and Cancer UVB radiation, nm is 1,000 to 10,000 more likely to induce skin cancers than are other wavelengths.

The Role of Ozone Ozone is the most effective of the atmospheric gases in adsorbing ozone. Reductions in the ozone content of the stratosphere lead to increases in UV radiation penetration.

Ozone Reactions with CFCs CFCs or chlorofluorocarbons and HCFCs or hydrochlorofluorocarbons are synthetic compounds used as coolants and aerosol propellants. one CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules.

Development of the Ozone Hole Destruction of ozone through reaction with CFCs upset the delicate balance in ozone formation and destruction naturally occurring in the stratosphere. The result was the development of an ozone hole in the atmosphere. Most prominent over Antarctica, increased UV penetration was observed worldwide.

Ozone Hole However, reductions in UV penetration are lagging recovery of the ozone hole. There has been a 15% recovery of the ozone hole since the late 1990s. By agreement through the Montreal Protocol, CFC consumption ended in 1996 and HCFCs consumption will end by 2030.

Global Climate Change The Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases, CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O, absorb heat

Global Climate Change CO 2 and Temperature Trends

Global Climate Change Carbon Mass Balance

Gaia Hypothesis The Earth as a System The Gaia Hypothesis, formulated by James Lovelock in the mid-1960s, proposes that our planet functions as a single organism that maintains conditions necessary for its survival.