Pascal and Archimedes P=P o +  gh F buoy =W fluid_displ

Typical content of the atmosphere (ppm by volume near the surface) N 2 780,900 O 2 209,400 H 2 O variable (<20,000) Argon 9,300 CO 2 380* Neon 18 Helium 5.2 Methane 1.7* Krypton 1 Hydrogen 0.5 NAAQS pollutants (ppm) CO 9 (Prim. standard) NO (NO x ??) O SO x 0.03 P  g/m 3 P  g/m 3 Lead 0.15  g/m 3 * Occur naturally, but variable due to human activity

Atmospheric structure Average dT/dh = -6 K/km The region of weather! T relatively constant, increasing to About 200K at the stratopause T up to 1500 K due to intense solar radiation Chemical composition changes to be richer in lighter gases, gravitational stratification almost no H 2 O or ozone

Troposphere and Ozone 10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to 40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

Temperature Inversion In extreme cases the temperature can actually increase with height.

Temperature Inversion

Example of an inversion (Scotland)

Schanghai Dec

Aerosols

(2) As of Oct. 2008

Health Effects: Time and concentration Sulfur dioxide as an example

CO

SO 2

NO 2

PM2.5

VOC’s

Air pollution profile for typical cities What are the key trends you observed here, and what is behind those trends?

(2) As of Oct. 2008

Summary of Tuesday Six pollutants controlled under NAAQS: CO, NO 2, SO 2, O 3, PM-(2.5,10), Pb; VOC contributes to the formation of O 3. Amounts released:~15 (NO) (CO) million tons/yr. Coal is a major source of PM-X and SO 2 Vehicles are major source of NO 2, CO, VOC (and therefore O 3 ). Temperature inversions concentrate pollution, they are not caused by pollution nor are they responsible for the pollutants in the first place.

K&H fig 8.13

Typical TRACE Impurities in Coal (does not include sulfur, which is not a trace impurity, but can be several %!) How much lead, mercury, and uranium is emitted per year in the US by power plants burning this stuff?

Solution I: Build taller smoke stacks World’s tallest smoke stack (420 m) in Ekibastusz Kasakhstan at a 1GWe coal-fired power plant (second tallest, at 380m) is at a nickel smelter in the North American Midwest. There are LOTS of tall stacks In the Midwest (many at power plants).

Global wind patterns

Acid rain patterns in the US NOTE: neutral water is pH=7; the lower the number, the stronger the acid. ca. 2000

Pollution control devices: Power plant

Control of particle emissions: Filters and precipitators Cyclonic (better for large >50  m particles) Electrostatic (better for small particles) H.V. on a wire in the center

See also an IU article On coal and limestone:

Auto emission controls Catalytic Converter: Reduce CO, NOx, VOC Emission Gas Recirculation valve (EGR) Reduces NOx Electronic ignition control Reduce CO, VOC Positive Crankcase Vent. Valve Reduce VOC emission Gas vapor capture Reduce VOC emission

Emission Standards for cars (grams/mile) Pollutant VOC NOx CO343.4

Chapter 9 Global Climate Change

Quiz 5 Three of the seven pollutants (the six NAAQS substances plus VOC’s) we discussed on Tuesday are produced in greater quantities through natural processes than through activities associated with mankind (so-called anthropogenic sources). Identify two of these three, and provide a BRIEF explanation for why we are more concerned with the anthropogenic sources than the natural sources of these pollutants.

Spectrum of Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface H&K fig 6.2 Absorption bands due to gasses like CO 2, H 2 O, CH 4 etc. These are the so-called green-house gasses.

CO 2 Concentrations and Temperature Change Note that total temperature change across several ice ages was only about 12 o C or about 22 o F.

(Woods Hole Research Center)

Carbon Cycle

(Woods Hole Research Center) Sediments and sedimentary Rocks could account for another 6x10 7 Petagrams! ( 1 petagram = 1.1x10 9 tons CO 2 emissions are some 65 times the CO emissions

Carbon Sequestration (“Clean coal” as of ~ 2000) Research and Creative Activity, Oct 2008, IU OVPR publication Note that “clean coal” is a term that has been around for a long time, but it has only recently morphed into this incarnation. Originally it referred simply to using low-sulfur coal, then to including emission control measures, and finally to include limits on CO 2 emissions. It’s true meaning in the mind of the user is therefore to be taken with some appropriate degree of skepticism!

Ozone in the atmosphere: good and bad 10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to 40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

Ozone levels at Halley Bay station (Antarctica)

TOMS Satellite movie ( Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer )

TOMS Satellite movie ( Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer )

Hurricane Interior

Global warming: What is the controversy? Interesting NPR story on recently rejected coal power plant in Kansas