Mutation and Genetic Change

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Presentation transcript:

Mutation and Genetic Change Chapter 14.1

Mutations= A change in the structure or amount of genetic material of an organism.

I. Causes of Mutations a. Accidental – caused during cell division. b. Mutagens- caused by environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals.

II. Types of Mutations Gene mutations- Changes within the DNA sequence. (Smaller scale) i. Point mutation- Change in one single nucleotide (letter). Original- THE CAT ATE RAT Mutation- THE TAT ATE RAT

II Types of Mutations: ii. Insertion- One or more nucleotides are added into the sequence. Original- THE CAT ATE RAT Mutation- THE CAT AAT ERA T… iii. Deletion- One or more nucleotides is removed from the sequence. Mutation- T HC ATA TER AT…

II Types of Mutations v. Missense mutation- A point mutation that does throw off the amino acid sequence. vi. Frameshift mutation- A mutation that shifts the entire sequence. All insertions and deletions are considered frameshifts. vii. Nonsense mutation- When the mutation accidentally causes the code for a “stop” amino acid. This causes the protein chain to be cut short.

II. Types of Mutations

II. Types of Mutations b. Chromosomal mutations- Mutation in the number of or parts of an entire chromosome. i. Deletion- When part of a chromosome or gene is removed. Usually harmful.

II. Types of Mutations ii. Duplication- When a part of a chromosome or gene occurs twice on the same chromosome.

II. Types of Mutations iii. Inversion- When two genes on the same chromosome are in reverse order.

II. Types of Mutations iv. Translocation- When a piece of chromosome or a gene ends up on a completely different chromosome

II. Types of Mutations v. Nondisjunction- When the chromosomes do not “sort” correctly during meiosis. Usually end up with an extra chromosome.

Mutations c. Effects of Mutations i.Heritability- Mutations are only able to be inherited by offspring if they affect an individual’s sex cells (gametes). ii. Cancer/tumors- Some mutations cause somatic cells to lose control of their cell division.

Mutations iii. New alleles- New variations of traits may occur (i.e. new coat colors, new body shapes, etc.). iv. Genetic disorders- May cause physical or mental disabilities.

14.2 Regulating Gene Expression

Gene regulation in prokaryotes