PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 22 22-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 22 Reproductive Systems Male reproductive organs 22-2

Male Reproductive Organs posterior view 22-3

Descent of Testes 22-4

Structure of the Testis 22-5

Formation of Sperm Cells 22-6

Spermatogenesis 22-7

Crossing Over mixes up traits different colors represent the fact that one homologous chromosome comes from the individual’s father and one from the mother 22-8

Crossing Over the genetic information in sperm cells and egg cells varies from cell to cell 22-9

Structure of a Sperm Cell 22-10

Male Internal Accessory Organs epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicle prostate gland bulbourethral glands 22-11

Epididymis tightly coiled tube connected to ducts within testis promote maturation of sperm cells 22-12

Vas Deferens muscular tube about 45 cm extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct 22-13

Seminal Vesicle attached to vas deferens near base of bladder secretes alkaline fluid secretes fructose and prostaglandins contents empty into ejaculatory duct 22-14

Prostate Gland surrounds beginning of urethra ducts of gland open into urethra secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid secretion enhances fluid mobility composed of tubular glands in connective tissue also contains smooth muscle 22-15

Bulbourethral Gland inferior to the prostate gland secrete mucus-like fluid fluid released in response to sexual stimulation 22-16

Semen sperm cells secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands slightly alkaline prostaglandins nutrients 120 sperm cells per milliliter 22-17

Male External Reproductive Organs scrotum penis 22-18

Scrotum pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue dartos muscle – smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue; contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum medial septum divides scrotum into two chambers each chamber lines with a serous membrane each chamber houses a testis and epididymis 22-19

Penis 22-20

Penis 22-21

Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation parasympathetic nerve impulses blood accumulates in erectile tissues Orgasm culmination of sexual stimulation accompanied by emission and ejaculation Ejaculation emission is the movement of semen into urethra ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses 22-22

Mechanism of Penile Erection 22-23

Mechanism of Emission and Ejaculation 22-24

Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions hypothalamus controls maturation of sperm cells and development of male secondary sex characteristics negative feedback controls concentration of testosterone 22-25

Actions of Testosterone increased growth of body hair sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords thickening of skin increased muscular growth thickening and strengthening of the bones 22-26

Organs of the Female Reproductive System 22-27

Transverse Section of Female Pelvic Cavity 22-28

Ovary Attachments 22-29

Oogenesis 22-30

Follicles Mammalian Ovary Graffian Follicle 22-31

Follicles 22-32

Follicle Maturation 22-33

Ovulation 22-34

Female Internal Accessory Organs uterine tubes uterus vagina 22-35

Uterine Tubes 22-36

Lining of Uterine Tubes 22-37

Uterus 22-38

Uterine Wall 22-39

Vagina 22-40

Female External Reproductive Organs 22-41

Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm 22-42

Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions estrogens inhibit LH and FSH during most of the reproductive cycle 22-43

Effects of Estrogens development of breasts and ductile system of the mammary glands increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks increases vascularization of skin 22-44

Female Reproductive Cycle anterior pituitary released LH and FSH FSH stimulates follicle maturation granulosa cells secrete estrogens estrogens cause uterine lining to thicken LH surge released which stimulates ovulation corpus luteum develops and secretes estrogens and progesterone estrogens and progesterone cause uterine lining to thicken and become more vascular estrogens and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH secretion corpus luteum degenerates and no longer secretes estrogens and progesterone uterine lining disintegrates and sloughs off anterior pituitary is no longer inhibited and cycle repeats 22-45

Female Reproductive Cycle 22-46

Menopause usually occurs in late 40s or early 50s reproductive cycles stop ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear may produce hot flashes and fatigue hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue 22-47

Mammary Glands 22-48

Birth Control coitus interruptus rhythm method mechanical barriers condom diaphragm cervical cap spermicidal foams or jellies chemical barriers spermicides oral contraceptives hormonal injectable contraception contraceptive implants intrauterine devices surgical methods vasectomy tubal ligation 22-49

Surgical Methods of Birth Control 22-50

Sexually Transmitted Diseases silent infections most are bacterial and can be cured herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured many cause infertility AIDS causes death symptoms of STDs include burning sensation during urination pain in lower abdomen fever or swollen glands discharge from vagina or penis pain, itch, or inflammation in genital or anal area sores, blisters, bumps or rashes itchy runny eyes 22-51

Clinical Application Prostate Enlargement benign prostatic hypertrophy occurs in most men over 50 BPH causes frequent urination risk factors include a fatty diet, having had a vasectomy, or exposure to certain environmental factors treatments include surgical removal, drugs, insertion of balloon into urethra, freezing of tumor, or insertion of stent between lobes of prostate to relieve pressure on urethra 22-52