ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION from PROCESS INDUSTRIES and Battery Recycling By Taiwo Ajayi, Simpa And Valentine Environmental pollution is considered to be our world's most dangerous, and constant, threat; our world is exposed to hazardous pollutants and chemicals from different sources every day. Industries, vehicles and basic human activities (like cooking) are spreading toxins around our world on a daily basis; these toxins affect our environmental resources such as air, water and soil.

Slowly, our ecosystem is being brought down by the impending danger of pollutants. These problems require immediate scientific attention to find an appropriate and cost effective solution. In this presentation we will learn types, effects, and managing pollution. Battery Recycling Air Pollution Land Pollution Water Pollution

Pollution and Pollutants FIRST Types of Pollution SECOND In This Presentation THIRD Effects of Pollution FOURTH Managing Pollution

POLLUTION: Introduction by man, waste matter or surplus energy into the environment, which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment.

POLLUTANT: A substance or effect which adversely alters the environment by changing the growth rate of species, interferes with the food chain, is toxic, or interferes with health, comfort amenities or property values of people.

TYPES OF POLLUTION

Water Pollution Air Pollution Land Pollution Noise Pollution Thermal Pollution Electro Pollution (electronic wastes) Visual Pollution

WATER POLLUTION

Industrial Sources Responsible for Organic Pollution

Industrial Sources Responsible for Inorganic Pollution

Industrial Sources Responsible for Heavy Metal Pollution

2. Air Pollution Air is considered safe when it contains no harmful dust and gases. Polluted air affects: - Humans - Animals - Vegetation - Materials

Effects from Air Pollution Global warming Ozone depletion (Ozone hole) Acid Rain Various respiratory illnesses

Air Pollution has No Boundaries

Pollution of air Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse, foundry dust and wind blown solid dust) Mist Smoke Carbon black Aerosols

The Problem of DUST

Some Polluting Process Industries Sulfuric Acid Plants Thermal Power Stations Nitric Acid Plants Cement Plants Foundaries Plastic Industries

Transportation

3) Land Pollution

Pollution of air Urbanization and Concentration of Population Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste Uncontrolled “Land Treatment”. Burning open dumps and forest fires Deforestation Mining and Erosion

4) Noise Pollution

Noise Pollution Exposure to prolong noise affects speech, hearing, general health and behavior. Noise Levels _ dB (The decibel [dB] is used to measure sound level)  Intensity  frequency  periods of exposure and  duration

How sound is measured

Comparative Noise Levels (dB)

Industrial Noise Sources Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.) High pressure burners in furnaces Turbines Compressors Pumps Welding machines Cranes and other vehicles Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids Vibrating and grinding equipment

PollutionManagement Pollution can be controlled by proper choice of preventive and remedial measures

Pollution Techniques

Land Pollution Control Integrated Solid Waste Management Good agricultural practices Remediation of polluted soils Prevention of erosion and silting Containment of hazardous waste and waste water treatment using land treatment techniques. Reduce | Reuse | Recycle 3R Principles

Noise Pollution Control

Occupational Health & Safety Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees of the industry and the general public. Safety in process design can be considered under the following broad headings. 1. Identification and assessment of the hazard 2. Control of hazards 3. Control of the process 4. Limitation of the loss.

Battery Recycling Americans purchase nearly 3 billion dry-cell batteries every year. 350 million are rechargeable. Only 3-5% of primary dry cells are recycled. Nearly 99 million wet-cell lead acid car batteries are manufactured each year A primary battery will only return 1/50 the energy used to make it. Batteries contain heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel, which can contaminate the environment when batteries are improperly disposed of.

Battery Recycling The oceans are starting to show elevated levels of cadmium. NiCd batteries account for 75% of cadmium in landfills. Preserve natural resources.

How recycling works? Lead Acid Recycling Plastic is broken up and reused Lead and lead oxide is smelted Sulfuric acid is reclaimed

Recycling other types of batteries NiCd Batteries can be reprocessed through a similar Thermal technique NiMH The output of this process is a product with high nickel content which can be used in the manufacture of stainless steel Li-İon Currently reprocessed through pyrolysis (heat treatment) with the primary recovery the metal content

Recycling other types of batteries Zinc-carbon/air and Alkaline-Manganese Can be reprocessed using a number of different methods which include smelting and other thermal-metallurgical processes to recover the metal content (particularly zinc) Batteries Containing mercury Most commonly processed using a vacuum – Thermal treatment

Recycling Advances Mercury battery act Phase out mercury Increase Recycling Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation Since 1994, RBRC has recycled more than 20 million pounds of rechargeable batteries. Battery Counsel International

Solutions Purchase rechargeable batteries. Use solar power Battery Deposit Make companies take back products they sell. Make batteries easier to recycle.

gy g /index.html Inorganic Chemistry (Shriver, Atkins) Recycling of Consumer Dry Cell batteries (Hurd et al.) n/cadmium_toxicity.htm Resources

The End …Thanks You for Listening