POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 1 1 Introduction to Physiology

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings About this Chapter  Definition of physiology  Review of organ systems  Function and process  Introduction to homeostasis  Ideas in physiology  Themes in physiology  The science of physiology  Discussion of scientific literature

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization  Physiology defined  Study of the functions and processes of living organisms  Organization of life  The cell is the unit of life  Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization Figure 1-1

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems in Review  Integumentary  Musculoskeletal  Respiratory  Digestive  Reproductive and Urinary  Circulatory  Nervous and Endocrine  Immune

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-2 Organ Systems in Review The integration between systems of the body

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function versus Process  Function explains the “why”  Teleological approach  Process or mechanism describes the “how”  Mechanistic approach  Red blood cell example

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Environmental balance  External  Internal  Cell  Intracellular fluid  Extracellular fluid

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-3 Homeostasis Relationships between an organism’s internal and external environments

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis and Controls  External or internal change  Physiological attempt to correct  Sensors, integrating center  Response of cells and organs  Loss of homeostasis

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis and Controls  Successful compensation  Homeostasis reestablished  Failure to compensate  Pathophysiology  Illness  Death

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-4 Homeostasis and Controls

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Current Thought in Physiology  Genomics to proteomics  The Human Genome Project  The Physiome Project  Challenges of an integrative science  Levels of organization  Multi-component systems  Emergent properties  Tools  Concept mapping

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Mapping  Structure and function  Integration across  Cells, tissues, and organs  Flow charts  Follow process in sequence

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-5a Concept Mapping: Types of Maps

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-5b Concept Mapping: Types of Maps

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Themes in Physiology  Homeostasis and control systems  Biological energy  Structure-function relationships  Molecular interactions  Compartmentation  Mechanical properties  Communication

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-6 Themes in Physiology A simple control system

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scientific Inquiry and Knowledge  Observation and experimentation  Hypothesis  Variables, controls, and data  Replication  Theories and models

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Experiments  Difficult to interpret results  Genetic variables  Placebo effect  Nocebo effect  Ethics

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formats of Experimental Design  Crossover studies  Blind studies  Double-blind studies  Double-blind crossover studies

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Time Duration of Experiments  Longitudinal studies  Prospective studies  Cross-sectional studies  Retrospective studies  Meta-analysis

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-7a Representing Data Graphs: X- and Y-Axes

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-7b Representing Data Graphs: Bar

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-7c Representing Data Graphs: Histogram

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-7d Representing Data Graphs: Line and Interpolation

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-7e Representing Data Graphs: Scatter Plot and “Best Fit” Line

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scientific Literature  Books  Journals  Peer-reviewed  Review articles  Internet  Google  Google Scholar

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Organ systems  Structures and functions  Homeostatic balance  Integrative science  Four key themes  Experimental designs  Data representation  Scientific literature