1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

2 DEFINITIONS CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY THE STUDY OF CELLS ANATOMY ANATOMY THE STUDY OF BODY ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY THE STUDY OF BODY FUNCTIONS

3 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

4 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM COMPONENTS: SKIN, HAIR, NAILS & ASSOCIATED GLANDS. COMPONENTS: SKIN, HAIR, NAILS & ASSOCIATED GLANDS. FUNCTIONS: PROTECT UNDERLYING TISSUES & HELP REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE FUNCTIONS: PROTECT UNDERLYING TISSUES & HELP REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE SKELETAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS: BONES, LIGAMENTS & ASSOCIATED CARTILAGE COMPONENTS: BONES, LIGAMENTS & ASSOCIATED CARTILAGE FUNCTIONS: SUPPORT THE BODY, PROTECT VITAL ORGANS, STORE MINERALS & FORM BLOOD CELLS. FUNCTIONS: SUPPORT THE BODY, PROTECT VITAL ORGANS, STORE MINERALS & FORM BLOOD CELLS.

5 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS MUSCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS: SKELETAL, CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLES. COMPONENTS: SKELETAL, CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLES. FUNCTIONS: MOVE THE BODY PARTS AND PRODUCE HEAT. FUNCTIONS: MOVE THE BODY PARTS AND PRODUCE HEAT. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM COMPONENTS: NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS. COMPONENTS: NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND LUNGS. FUNCTIONS: EXCHANGE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD IN THE LUNGS. FUNCTIONS: EXCHANGE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD IN THE LUNGS.

6 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS: BLOOD, HEART, ARTERIES, VEINS AND CAPILLARIES. COMPONENTS: BLOOD, HEART, ARTERIES, VEINS AND CAPILLARIES. FUNCTIONS: TRANSPORT MATERIALS TO AND FROM THE BODY CELLS. FUNCTIONS: TRANSPORT MATERIALS TO AND FROM THE BODY CELLS. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS: LYMPH, LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND LYMPHATIC TISSUE. COMPONENTS: LYMPH, LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND LYMPHATIC TISSUE. FUNCTIONS: RETURN INTERSTITIAL FLUID TO BLOOD AND PROVIDE IMMUNITY. FUNCTIONS: RETURN INTERSTITIAL FLUID TO BLOOD AND PROVIDE IMMUNITY.

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8 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS URINARY SYSTEM COMPONENTS: KIDNEYS, URETERS, URINARY BLADDER AND URETHRA. COMPONENTS: KIDNEYS, URETERS, URINARY BLADDER AND URETHRA. FUNCTIONS: REGULATES VOLUME AND COMPOSITION OF BLOOD BY FORMING AND EXCRETING URINE. FUNCTIONS: REGULATES VOLUME AND COMPOSITION OF BLOOD BY FORMING AND EXCRETING URINE. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM COMPONENTS: ENDOCRINE GLANDS. COMPONENTS: ENDOCRINE GLANDS. FUNCTIONS: SECRETE HORMONES THAT REGULATE BODY FUNCTIONS. FUNCTIONS: SECRETE HORMONES THAT REGULATE BODY FUNCTIONS.

9 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPONENTS: BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, NERVES AND SENSORY RECEPTORS. COMPONENTS: BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, NERVES AND SENSORY RECEPTORS. FUNCTIONS: COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS, ENABLE LEARNING AND MEMORY. FUNCTIONS: COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS, ENABLE LEARNING AND MEMORY. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS: MOUTH, PHARYNX, STOMACH ESOPHAGUS, INTESTINES, ANUS, PANCREAS, LIVER AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE. COMPONENTS: MOUTH, PHARYNX, STOMACH ESOPHAGUS, INTESTINES, ANUS, PANCREAS, LIVER AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE. FUNCTIONS: DIGEST FOOD & ABSORB NUTRIENTS. FUNCTIONS: DIGEST FOOD & ABSORB NUTRIENTS.

10 THE ORGAN SYSTEMS MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS: TESTES, VASA DEFERENTIA, PENIS, PROSTATE AND BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS. COMPONENTS: TESTES, VASA DEFERENTIA, PENIS, PROSTATE AND BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS. FUNCTIONS: PRODUCE & TRANSPORT SPERMS FUNCTIONS: PRODUCE & TRANSPORT SPERMS FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS: OVARIES, UTERINE TUBES, UTERUS, VAGINA AND VULVA. COMPONENTS: OVARIES, UTERINE TUBES, UTERUS, VAGINA AND VULVA. FUNCTIONS: PRODUCE OVA, RECEIVE SPERMS, PROVIDE INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH OF THE BABY. FUNCTIONS: PRODUCE OVA, RECEIVE SPERMS, PROVIDE INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH OF THE BABY.

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12 DIRECTIONAL TERMS MIDLINE:- MIDDLE LINE DIVIDING THE BODY IN EQUAL RIGHT & LEFT HALVES. MIDLINE:- MIDDLE LINE DIVIDING THE BODY IN EQUAL RIGHT & LEFT HALVES. MEDIAL:- TOWARD THE MIDLINE. MEDIAL:- TOWARD THE MIDLINE. LATERAL:- AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE. LATERAL:- AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE. SUPERIOR:- TOWARD THE HEAD. SUPERIOR:- TOWARD THE HEAD. INFERIOR:- AWAY FROM THE HEAD. INFERIOR:- AWAY FROM THE HEAD. PROXIMAL:- CLOSER TO THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT TO THE BODY TRUNK. PROXIMAL:- CLOSER TO THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT TO THE BODY TRUNK. DISTAL:- FARTHER FROM ATTACHMENT. DISTAL:- FARTHER FROM ATTACHMENT.

13 DIRECTIONAL TERMS

14 ANATOMICAL PLANES TRANSVERSE PLANES: HORIZONTAL PLANES THAT DIVIDE THE BODY INTO SUPERIOR & INFERIOR PARTS TO MAKE CROSS SECTIONS. TRANSVERSE PLANES: HORIZONTAL PLANES THAT DIVIDE THE BODY INTO SUPERIOR & INFERIOR PARTS TO MAKE CROSS SECTIONS. SAGITTAL PLANES: VERTICAL PLANES THAT DIVIDE THE BODY INTO LEFT& RIGHT PARTS. MIDSAGGITAL OR PARASAGITAL PLANES. SAGITTAL PLANES: VERTICAL PLANES THAT DIVIDE THE BODY INTO LEFT& RIGHT PARTS. MIDSAGGITAL OR PARASAGITAL PLANES. CORONAL OR FRONTAL PLANES: DIVIDE THE BODY INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS. CORONAL OR FRONTAL PLANES: DIVIDE THE BODY INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS. OBLIQUE PLANES: PASS THROUGH THE BODY AT AN ANGLE TO FORM OBLIQUE SECTIONS. OBLIQUE PLANES: PASS THROUGH THE BODY AT AN ANGLE TO FORM OBLIQUE SECTIONS.

15 ANATOMICAL PLANES

16 BODY CAVITIES DORSAL CAVITY CARANIAL CAVITY CARANIAL CAVITY VERTEBRAL CANAL VERTEBRAL CANAL VENTRAL CAVITY VENTRAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY

17 BODY CAVITIES

18 ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

19 SEROUS MEMBRANES PLEURA: AROUND THE LUNGS. PLEURA: AROUND THE LUNGS. VISCERAL PLEURA PARIETAL PLEURA PERICARDIUM: AROUND THE HEART. PERICARDIUM: AROUND THE HEART. VISCERAL PERICARDIUM PARIETAL PERICARDIUM PERITONIUM: AROUND THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND ORGANS. PERITONIUM: AROUND THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND ORGANS. VISCERAL PERITONIUM PARIETAL PERITONIUM

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22 COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

FEMALE TORSO WITH SKIN REMOVED TO EXPOSE SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES

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MALE TORSO WITH DEEPER MUSCLES EXPOSED

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MALE TORSO WITH SOME INTERNAL ORGANS EXPOSED

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MALE TORSO WITH THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC ORGANS EXPOSED

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FEMALE TORSO WITH LUNGS AND HEART IN CORONAL SECTION AND SMALL INTERSTINE REMOVED

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FEMALE TORSO WITH SOME ORGANS REMOVED TO EXPOSE ESOPHAGUS, DEEP VESSELS, KIDNEYS AND URETERS

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FEMALE TORSO WITH VISCERA REMOVED TO EXPOSE POSTERIOR WALLS OF THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES

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