Anatomy Ch 1- An introduction Organization and Directional terms

What do humans have in common with ALL living things? Responsiveness- to stimuli – the environment either external or internal Growth- in size, number or repair Reproduction- create new organism Movement-either internal or external Metabolism

What is Anatomy

What is Physiology Muscle Physiology Respiration Physiology

Anatomy has perspectives Microscopic Cytology Histology Macroscopic- or Gross Anatomy

Levels of Organization

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1

Organ Systems Integumentary System Function: Protection from environmental hazards, temperature control Organs Epidermis Dermis Hair follicles Sebaceous glands Nails Sensory receptors

Organ Systems Skeletal System Function: Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood formation Organs Bones Cartilage Ligaments Bone Marrow

Organ System Muscular System Function – Locomotion, support, heat production Organs- Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles

Organ Systems The Nervous System Function – Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems Organs Central Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous system

Organ Systems The Endocrine System Function –Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Organs Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Kidneys Pancreas Gonads Testes ovaries

Organ System Cardiovascular System Function –Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases Organs Heart Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Blood

Organ Systems Lymphatic system Function – Defense against infection and disease Organs Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Spleen thymus

Organ System The Respiratory System Function-Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood Organs – Nasal cavities Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli

Organ System Digestive System Function- Processing of food and absorption of nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water Organs Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine

Organ System The Urinary System Function-Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products Organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra

Organ System Female and Male Reproductive Systems Function – Production of sex cells and hormones Female Organs Ovaries Uterine Tubes Uterus Vagina External Genitalia Mammary glands

Male organs Testes Accessory organs Epididymis Ductus Deerens Seminal vesicles External Genitalia Penis Scrotum

Homeostasis Definition – the process of maintaining internal balance of a system Processes of homeostasis Negative feedback Positive feedback

Homeostasis, con’t Necessary organs Receptors Effectors Control center

What is Disease? When homeostasis FAILS As a function of pathogens Virus Bacteria Parasite Fungus As a function of accident Bubonic Plague

Anatomical Positions Supine Prone

Anatomical Regions Quadrants

Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity

Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts Abdominal cavity –contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Other Body Cavities

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Regional Terms and Activities

Body Planes and Sections Transverse plane Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

Banana sectioned into planes

Great review web site Try this quiz from animations- scroll down to “Anatomy” and watch animations, then take quizzes based on the animation