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Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to A & P Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 K Coogler

Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”) Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”) “Structure dictates function.”

Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism – the human

Levels of Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue

Can you name the organ systems? Levels of Organization Can you name the organ systems? There are eleven (11).

Can you name the organ systems? Hint..11 Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System Reproductive System

Characteristics of Life (10) Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Characteristics of Life (Cont) Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials

Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. All homeostatic mechanisms have three components in common: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli; senses change in environment Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point);regulates set-point of variables Effector - organ that acts in response to changes; elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) Receptors Effectors (muscles or glands) Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) Response (Change is corrected.)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms The nervous and endocrine systems controls homeostasis in the body.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Reduces the actions of the effectors Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ Limits chaos in the body by creating stability Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body Produces more instability in the body Produces more chaos in the body There are only a few types necessary for our survival Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments Considered to be the uncommon loop Examples: blood clotting and child birth

Organization of the Human Body AXIAL PORTION APPENCICULAR PORTION HEAD ARMS NECK LEGS TRUNK MAJOR CAVITIES      CRANIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY BRAIN LUNGS MEDIASTINUM VERTEBRAL CANAL THYMUS SPINAL CORD HEART ESOPHAGUS TRACHEA * Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities.   ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY stomach urinary bladder liver internal reproductive spleen organs gallbladder small intestine large intestine * Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.

Organization of the Human Body Body cavities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity V ertebral canal Vertebral canal Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b) (a)

Cavities of the Head Cranial cavity Paranasal sinuses: Fig. 1.10 Cranial cavity Paranasal sinuses: Frontal sinuses Paranasal sinuses: Sphenoidal sinus Orbital cavities Middle ear cavity Nasal cavity Oral cavity

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes   Serous Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either: a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE. b. lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE. There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs:   a. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS: The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura. The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. b. Serous Membranes of the HEART: The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called parietal pericardium. The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.  

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes c. Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS: The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum. The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

Anatomical Terminology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication.   Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward.

Anatomical Terminology Relative Positions Superior = above; Inferior = below; Anterior = front; Posterior = back; Ventral = front; Dorsal = back; Medial = center; Lateral = side; Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side *Proximal/Distal – Only in the extremities. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk; Superficial / peripheral = surface; Deep = internal.

Midline Right Left Superior Proximal Medial Lateral Anterior Posterior (Ventral) (Dorsal) Distal Proximal Inferior Distal

Body Sections or Planes (3) Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions Median or Midsagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer Body Sections Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along the median plane NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along a transverse plane Frontal (coronal) plane A section along a frontal plane © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

Abdominal Subdivisions (2) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Regions (9) Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Left iliac region Hypogastric region (a) Quadrants (4) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (b)

Body Regions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Orbital (eye cavity) Nasal (nose) Occipital (back of head) Oral (mouth) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Acromial (point of shoulder) Sternal Acromial (point of shoulder) Pectoral (chest) Axillary (armpit) Vertebral (spinal column) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Umbilical (navel) Antecubital (front of elbow) Cubital (elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Inguinal (groin) Lumbar (lower back) Antebrachial (forearm) Sacral (between hips) Coxal (hip) Gluteal (buttocks) Carpal (wrist) Perineal Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) T arsal (instep) Pedal (foot) Calcaneal (heel) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (a) (b)

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed 1.1: Introduction Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body. 1.2: Anatomy and Physiology Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related. 1.3: Levels of Organization List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each. 1.4: Characteristics of Life List and describe the major characteristics of life. Define and give examples of metabolism.

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued 1.5: Maintenance of Life List and describe the major requirements of organisms. Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival. Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Identify the locations of the major body cavities. List the organs located in each major body cavity. Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each. Describe the general function of each organ system. 1.7: Lifespan Changes Define aging. Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.