Ch. 1-- Study Guide 1.Critically read the whole chapter pp Comprehend Terminology (the text in bold) 3.Study-- Figure questions, Think About It questions, and Before You Go On (section- ending) questions 4.Do end-of-chapter questions: –Testing Your Recall— 1-9, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20 –True or False– 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 –Testing Your Comprehension--None Except Before You Go On questions, all answers are either in Appendix B or on website 1

Atlas A-- Study Guide 1.Critically read pp Do questions: –Testing Your Recall— 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 20 –True or False– 1, 3, 4, 7 –Testing Your Comprehension--None Except Before You Go On questions, all answers are either in Appendix B or on website 2

Chapter 1— Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology 3

§ 1.1—Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy– The study of __________ How? 1. Surface observation, cadaver dissection – together called Gross anatomy 2. Physical examination—Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion etc. –Examples 3. Gross anatomy vs. histology– ? 4

§ Physiology— 1.What is physiology? 2.Two approaches to explain physiological events— –Teleological approaches: focus on ___ –Mechanistic approaches: emphasize _________ –Example: Why do we shiver when we are cold? (A Teleological/Mechanistic approach; circle one) 5

§ Anatomy and Physiology— 1.Structure and function are inseparable Example— Integumentary system-- Can you give another example demonstrating anatomy/physiology relation? 6

Insight 1.5 clinical application Medical imaging– looking into the body without having to do exploratory surgery Examples—X rays, fetal sonogram, CAT (Computerized Axial Tomographic) scan, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) etc. 7

Figure 1.13a Fig (a)– X rays showing the bones and teeth. Dense tissues such as bone, teeth, tumors, and tuberculosis nodules leave the film lighter; X rays penetrate soft tissues and darken the film. 8

Fig. 1.14– a) Sonography; b) 32-week-old fetus (3- D sonogram) 9

Fig c) Computed tomographic (CT) scan 10

§ 1.2– The origins of biomedical science 1.Hippocrates (c. 460-c. 375 BCE)– Greek physician; “father of medicine” 2.Claudius Galen (c. 130-c. 200)– wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era 3.Andreas Vesalius ( ) – first to publish accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy in William Harvey ( )– blood circulates continuously around the body 11

§ 1.3– Scientific method 1.The inductive method– –Drawing generalizations & predictions after many observations. –Examples– what we know of anatomy 2.The hypothetico-deductive method– –Forming a hypothesis and then test it –Examples– Most physiological knowledge was obtained this way 12

§ Facts, Law, and Theories 1.A scientific fact– information that can be independently verified by any trained person. Ex– an iron deficiency leads to anemia 2.A law of nature– a description about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave; Ex– the law of complementary base- pairing 3.A theory– is an explanatory statement of set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses –Ex– the fluid-mosaic theory of cell mem. 13

§ Levels of organization in the body— 1.Organism– is a single, complete individual 2.Organ system level– Ex. Digestive sys. 3.Organ level– Ex. Stomach 4.Tissue level – 4 types 5.Cells–basic/smallest units of life; common characteristics of all cells-- 6.Organelles-- 7.Chemical level– water molecule Figure

Fig. 1.7 The body’s structural hierarchy 15

§ Levels of organization in the body— Q1. Pick an organ and use it to tell a story of its relations to other levels of organization in the body. Q2. List, as many as possible, human organ systems; in addition, give one principal function of each system. Figure A.11 (p.38-39) 16

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§ Homeostasis— 1.Definition– Maintenance of stable conditions in the internal environment 2.Importance of homeostasis: A.Homeostasis is essential for survival of cells– Why? Insight 1.3 (Men in the Oven for 45 minutes; p. 18) B.Cells make up the body systems C.Homeostasis is the central theme of physiology– How? via cells/body systems Figure x 21

Maintain Body (organ) systems Homeostasis Cells Make up Is essential for survival of 22

§ Homeostasis— 3.The internal environment is dynamic and equilibrium (steady) state –dynamic? –equilibrium (steady) state? –What parameters are homeostatically regulated? Chemical factors— Physical factors— 23

§ Regulation of homeostasis by Negative feedback--A 1.Definition– change in a factor (controlled variable) triggers a physiological response that seeks to restore the factor by OPPOSING the initial change 2.Example—control of room/body temperature 24

§ Regulation of homeostasis by Negative feedback--B 3.Three components of a control system A.Sensor (receptor)– monitors the control variable (for example, room temp.); what is the sensor? B.Integrating (control) center– it compares the sensor’s input with the set point and sends instructions to effector C.Effector– action component that... Figure 1.9 (a-b) 25

Sensor? Integrating center? Effector? 26

Fig. 1.9(b) Fluctuation of room temperature around the thermostatic set point 27

Figure 1.11 Fig Negative feedback in human thermoregulation. 28

§ Positive feedback & rapid change--A 1.Definition– change in a factor triggers a physiological response that AMPLIFIES an initial change 2.Example— in the birth of a baby; how? 29

Figure Positive feedback in childbirth 30 Next slide

1.13 Positive Feedback in Childbirth 31

1.13 Positive Feedback in Childbirth 32

1.13 Positive Feedback in Childbirth 33

§ Positive feedback & rapid change--B 3.Details of birth of a baby –Uterine contractions push the baby against the cervix –the stretching of the cervix triggers nerve impulses –brings about oxytocin secretion –The hormone oxytocin causes even stronger powerful contractions of the uterus 34

§ Positive feedback & rapid change--C Q. Map and ID the sensor, integrator, and effector of the above example (child birth). Then explain the homeostatic control system. Why this is a positive negative feedback? Assuming: Controlled variable-- Stretching of the cervix 35

Lunch/dinner? The scientific name for an animal that doesn't either run from or fight its enemies is lunch/dinner.-- Michael Friedman Caveman’s motto: He who hesitates is lunch/dinner. 36