Chapter 3 Organization of the Body: Body Systems & Tissues

Applied Learning Outcomes Learn about: Body hierarchy Tissue organization Tissue form and function Understand the cellular basis of aging and pathology Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

Hierarchy of Human Structure Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

all cells originate from a fertilized egg cell TISSUES all cells originate from a fertilized egg cell cells differentiate by mitosis Organs of the body develop from 1 of the embryological germ layers Ectoderm  outer layer  skin & brain Mesoderm  middle layer  bone & muscle Endoderm  inner layer  digestive organs

Germ layers  4 human tissue types Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous TISSUE: An organized assembly of cells that have similar structures and perform a specific function Epithelial Tissue – covers internal and external body surfaces Connective Tissue – forms the supportive framework of the organs and the body Muscle Tissue – provides the body with movement and support Nervous Tissue – conducts and coordinates body information

Type 1 - Epithelial Tissue Location found on the surfaces or linings of organs Structure classified based on shape & arrangement Function protection temp. reg. Ex. skin

Type 2 – Nervous Tissue Location brain, spinal cord, nerves Structure axon, cell body & dendrites Function rapid communication btwn structure & function Ex. neurons (conduct) glia (support)

contractile tissue; depends on type Function movement Ex. skeletal Type 3 – Muscle Tissue Location muscles within structures heart Structure contractile tissue; depends on type Function movement Ex. skeletal smooth cardiac

Muscle Tissue  Skeletal Muscle Location muscle that attaches to bone Structure voluntary striated (visible bands) long & thread like multiple nuclei/cell Function movement Ex. abs quads hamis biceps

nuclei striations

Muscle Tissue  Smooth Muscle Location within systems, tracts, walls Structure involuntary NO striations long & narrow 1 nucleus/ cell Function movement of substances within the body changing diameter of blood vessels Ex. digestive & respiratory tracts

Smooth Muscle nucleus

Muscle Tissue  Cardiac Muscle Location wall of the heart Structure involuntary slight striations thick bands (intercalated discs) Function produces heartbeat ; contractions Ex. heart

Cardiac Muscle

Type 4 – Connective Tissue Location everywhere (most abundant) Structure dispersed throughout a matrix of gel, protein, or salts Function protection insulation provides shape transports defends Ex. bone blood adipose cartilage

Connective Tissue  Adipose Tissue Location under the skin Structure large fat compartments Function protection insulation support

Connective Tissue  Dense Fibrous Tissue Location tendons Structure dense arrangement of collagen fibers Function flexible BUT very strong

Connective Tissue  Bone Location bones Structure hard calcified matrix osteocytes (cells that make bone) Function support protection (vital organs) storage (blood cells) movement

Bone

Connective Tissue  Cartilage Location between spaces Structure HARD but flexible matrix chondrocytes (cartilage cells) Function flexibility support

Connective Tissue  Blood Location all over; heart, blood vessels & bone Structure liquid matrix contains red & white blood cells Function transportation protection

Connective Tissue  Hemopoietic Tissue Location in red marrow cavities (long bones) and organs Structure blood-like tissue Function produces blood cells

Concept Check 1 4. What are germ layers? What does each layer differentiate into? 5. Name the four types of human tissues and provide an example of each. 6. How do the connective tissues bone and cartilage differ?

Concept Check 2 3. How do the three types of muscle tissue differ in appearance? 5. How do the 2 examples of nervous tissue differ in function? 6. What functions do adipose and dense fibrous tissue provide?

Organs & Body Systems

ORGAN SYSTEMS of the HUMAN BODY Cardiovascular Digestive Integumentary Lymphatic Muscular Skeletal Endocrine Reproductive Respiratory Urinary Nervous Cardiovascular  regulates blood flow Digestive  regulates nutrition Integumentary  provides protection Lymphatic  regulates body fluids, helps fight disease Muscular  provides structure and movement Skeletal  provides support and movement Endocrine  regulates body function and development Reproductive  regulates sexual function Respiratory  regulates atmospheric gasses and certain body wastes Urinary  regulates production, storage, and removal of urine Nervous  communication, control, recognition of sensory stimuli

Skeletal System Structure bones joints (where 2 bones meet) ligaments (connect bone to bone) Function support movement protect storage

Muscular System Function Structure muscles tendons (connect muscle to bone) Function movement posture heat

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System Structure heart, blood vessels Function regulates blood flow transportation of CO2 and O2 nutrients

Lymphatic System Structure tonsils spleen lymph nodes Function regulates body fluids and helps fight disease

Digestive System Structure mouth, stomach esophagus, intestine, liver Function breaks down food absorbs nutrients eliminates waste

Urinary System Structure kidney, bladder Function produces, stores, eliminates waste

Reproductive System Structure gonads, mammary glands Function produce gametes (egg & sperm)

Integumentary System Structure skin, hair, nails Function protection temperature regulation

Nervous System Structure brain, spinal cord, nerves Function communication regulates activities via nerves

Endocrine System Structure glands, pancreas, hormones Function communication regulates activities via glands

Respiratory System Structure pharynx, trachea, bronchi Function circulates O2 eliminates CO2

Wellness and Illness over the Life Span Cell pathology is the basis of understanding dysfunction of the body’s hierarchy. Dysfunction – abnormal, impaired, or incomplete functioning of an organism, organ system, organ, tissue, or cell. Almost all gross diseases are due to dysfunction of one or more tissues in an organ system.

Biopsy – removal of diseased cells for study

Atrophy – wasting or decrease in size of a cell, tissue or organ causes: undernutrition & blood flow problems ex.: muscle atrophy occurs during during nerve damage or lack of muscle use

Dystrophy – “ill growth”, progressive changes in a tissue (long term undernutrition, malnutrition, decreased blood flow) Muscular dystrophy

Fatty change: accumulation of lipids in the cell in response to cellular injury; (excessive alcohol intake) Mouse liver

Hyperplasia: abnormal multiplication of the NUMBER of normal cells; increases risk of cancers & distorts function; cells stay same size

Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in CELL SIZE; distorts structure & function

Metastasis: movement of diseased cells away from their original location to establish themselves in a new area

Necrosis: localized tissue death; results from decrease in blood flow, burns, chemical damage, infections, injury

Each body part is a piece of a complex organism Summary Each body part is a piece of a complex organism Each level is dependent on the levels below Components must work together to maintain homeostasis

Concept Check 3 What is the relationship between tissues and organ system function? Which organ systems function in movement of the body? How do these systems differ? Which organ systems function in communication? How do these systems differ?

Concept Check 4 4. Which systems function in transporting or exchanging gases? How do these systems differ? Define dysfunction? What is the cause of most gross diseases?

Concept Check 5 Compare and contrast hyperplasia and hypertrophy. 7. Compare and contrast atrophy and dystrophy. Compare and contrast hyperplasia and hypertrophy. In order to determine if cancerous tissue has metastasized what surgical technique could you perform?