PSYC 200 Week #4 APA References (cont’d), Basic Research Methods, & The Main Parts of a Manuscript

Agenda  Roll call  Collect and discuss graded assignments  Finishing up references  Some quick and dirty grammar  Basic research methods  Manuscript components (Part 1)

Assignments Recap  Reading assignment Gram ch 3 – 8 APA ch 3, 7  Single article summary assignment Was due last week or later, depending on your situation. Stragglers?  Essay #1 Graded

Essay #1 – Common Issues  Missing title on body You must put the title, centered, on the 1 st page of the body.  Pronoun issues (will discuss later)  Non-descriptive title  Running head: NEEDS TO LOOK RIGHT  Extra space between paragraphs

CITATIONS AND REFERENCES CLOSURE

Six or More Authors  First use: Jones et al. (2003) examined are more likely to see a difference (Jones et al., 2003)  Subsequent use: Jones et al. found...greater understanding (Jones et al., 2006)  First use in a new paragraph: Jones et al. (2003)

Different Sources That Could Be Confused When Shortened  Jones, Jackson, Martin, Howard, and Simms (1999)  Jones et al. (1999)  Jones, Madison, Howard, and Brown (1999)  Jones et al. (1999)  Jones, Jackson, et al. (1999)  Jones, Madison, et al. (1999)

More Than One Source ... interactions between youth and their parents (De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeck, & Engles, 2006; Mount & Steinberg, 1995; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2001; Walker- Barnes & Mason, 2004).  The order of authors in parenthetical citations is alphabetical (identical to the reference page).

Secondary Sources  Citing a document implies that you HAVE READ the original work (APA, 2010)  Did you actually read the original reference?  Smith (1978) originally found that...is more likely (as cited in James & Andrews, 2001)  Don’t include Smith’s article on your reference page.

Quotations  When quoting from a source, “if the quotation comprises fewer than 40, incorporate it into text and enclose with double quotation marks” (APA, 2010, p. 170).  Quotes in the middle of a sentence have (p. #) directly after the quote

Quotations  Quotes with 40 or more words appear as an indented block.  The citation information follows the punctuation of the quote.

Other Citation Hints  Articles don’t say anything—authors do. Don’t say, The article found that… Do say, Jones (2010) found  Don’t overload your reader with citations. You should only be presenting ideas that are relevant to your topic.  Practice…

Practice 1  Authors: Seth D. Gosling Orlando P. John Kendra H. Craik Robin Wright Robins  Year: 1998  Situation: 1 st parenthetical citation in paper (Gosling, John, Craik, & Robins, 1998)

Practice 1a  Authors: Seth D. Gosling Orlando P. John Kendra H. Craik Robin Wright Robins  Year: 1998  Situation: 1 st parenthetical citation in new paragraph (already cited in paper) (Gosling, et al., 1998)

Practice 1b  Authors: Seth D. Gosling Orlando P. John Kendra H. Craik Robin Wright Robins  Year: 1998  Situation: 2 nd citation in paragraph, in-text Gosling, et al. found…

Practice 2  Authors: Seth D. Gosling Orlando P. John  Year: 1998  Situation: 2 nd citation in paragraph, in-text Gosling and John found…

FORMATTING REFERENCE ENTRIES Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate,

Reference Page Format Rules  Put the word References centered at top of new page  Start references next  Each new reference is a new, hanging indent paragraph.  Place references in alphabetical order  Each citation must have reference and vice versa This is an example of a hanging indent paragraph. In Word, go to Paragraph, Special Indent, and select Hanging.

Components of a Reference  Author’s or authors’ name(s)  Year of publication  Article or Chapter Title  Journal or Book Title  Volume Number  Issue Number  Location of Publication City, State or City, Country outside of US DOI or web address or database name  Publisher Information

Journal Article  Author, A. A.  (YEAR).  Title of the journal article.  Title of The Journal, xx(#), pp-pp.  If retrieved electronically doi:xxx.xxxxx.xx/xxx or URL of journal home page Retrieved from or Retrieved from Name of database Last name and initials. In parentheses, end with pd. Sentence caps, end in pd. Title caps, italicized ItalicizedIn parentheses Start pg., hyphen, end pg., period

Best, T. (2010). Effects of name referents on childhood experiences. Journal of Adlerian Psychopathology, 6(7), doi:10.11…. Journal Article Exercise  Author: Tegan Best  Published in 2010  Title of article: Effects of Name Referents on Childhood Experiences.  Title of journal: Journal of Alderian Psychopathology, volume 6, issue 7, pages 22 to 33  Identifier: /

An Entire Book  Author, A. A.  (YEAR).  Title of the book.  City, State or Country (outside of US): Publisher.

A Chapter in a Book  Author, A. A.  (YEAR).  Title of the chapter.  In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),  Title of the book (pp. xx-xx).  City, State: Publisher.

Technical or Research Report  Author, A. A.  (YEAR).  Title of report (Report No. XXXX).  City, State: Publisher or  Retrieved from Agency Site:

APA LANGUAGE STYLE GUIDELINES 1. Headings 2. Language Guide

Headings – The APA Way

Using Headings  Headings are used to create sections  Improves sense of organization  Improves accessibility of information  Simple transition between major parts of paper  Heading styles are codified 

APA Headings (APA p ) Centered Title Caps (b) Left Title Caps (b) Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b) Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b,i) Indented, sentence caps ending w/ pd. (i)

Quick APA Language Guide  Word choice and usage – the right word in the right place  Removing bias  Grammar / Punctuation

Common phrases  Avoid these!! Feel, believe, think, prove, stated, wrote, said  Replace with: Hypothesize, conjecture, reason, support, found, suggested Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

Avoid Wordiness  Clear & Concise  Write like a poet Make every word count Avoid unnecessary transitions Say what you want to using one word instead of two  Say it with one word rather than two  Say it with one word, not two Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

Informalities and Slang  No contractions—ever!  No colloquialisms Sky-high, bright idea, and the like others? Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

Using Conjunctions Correctly  Since vs. Because Andrew has been excited about going to the zoo since last Thursday. The dog salivated because Pavlov rang the bell.  While vs. Although Although I enjoy watching baseball on television, I would rather be at the stadium. While Jack cleaned the garage, Mary dusted the living room.  Or vs. Nor The girl was allowed to have either a piece of candy or a sticker. Neither the doctor nor the nurse could find the patient’s chart. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

Referring to People  Do not use “You” to refer to the reader.  Do not use “We” to refer to general groups or society.  Use “One” If one chooses to engage in criminal activity, then one must be ready to accept the consequences. One should not equate correlation with causation. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

Me, myself, and I  Can you use first person? YES!!  Use the appropriate first person pronoun when referring to yourself or the author(s) of your paper.  Consider using passive voice I gave the survey to 70 participants Seventy participants received the survey Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

They All Sound the Same...  They’re, There, and Their They’re going to the store this afternoon. (contraction = they are) I just returned from Dublin, have you ever been there? (place, direction) Their house is white with blue shutters. (possession)  To, Too, and Two Kent is moving to Massachusetts. I want to go too. He is taking his two dogs with him. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

They all sound the same...  It’s and Its It’s Jake’s birthday today. (It is) Its hair was matted and mangled. (possession)  Whether and Weather It does not matter whether or not Mandy stays for dinner. The weather is supposed to be cold and damp.  Then and Than Men are more likely than women to watch UFC. The students were instructed to clear their desks then begin the examination. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

Often Forgotten.....  Who vs. Whom Who is the person with the white lab coat? With whom did you leave the key?  Who vs. That Individuals who study, often find exams to be easy. Companies that give employees better benefits have higher productivity. The vase that broke is in the cardboard box. Times when..., Places where...  Affect vs. Effect Psychology students often learn about the Hawthorne effect. Amy wants study how energy-drinks affect performance and cognitive ability. Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

Anthropomorphizing  Do not give human traits or abilities to inanimate or non-human objects/creatures.  Do not write The article shows...  Instead try...Deci and Ryan indicate The research explains...  Instead...Pavlov explains Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

Removing Bias  One must be conscientious of how individuals and groups are identified. Do not over generalize Gender bias Racial/Ethnicity bias Mental health or disability status Age Quick APA Language Guide - Bias

Sexist Language  When referring to an object that could be either male or female (e.g., a participant, a client, etc.) you MUST not exclude a gender.  For example, “When a therapist begins a session, she introduces herself first.”  Try, “…the therapist introduces his or herself…” “…self-introductions come first…” Or: Make it plural  “When therapists begin sessions, they introduce themselves first.” Quick APA Language Guide - Bias

Irregular Plurals  Data  Datum SingularPlural  Phenomenon  Phenomena  Hypotheses  Hypothesis Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

Irregular Plurals Singular Form  Child  Mouse  Foot  Offspring  Formula  Datum  Stimulus  Index  Hypothesis  Criterion Plural Form  Children  Mice  Feet  Offspring  Formulae  Data  Stimuli  Indices  Hypotheses  Criteria Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

Abbreviations  That is… Study for your class; that is, if you don’t want to fail. Study for your class (i.e., if you don’t want to fail)  And so on… Notes, books, pencils, etc.  For example… For example, students in PSYC200. …(e.g., students in PSYC200).  And other people (things) [used when have many authors] …was found (Johns, et al., 2002). Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

Dirty Grammar  They’re always there to hurt their grade their, there, and they’re  Plural possessives Individual, individuals, individual’s, and individuals’  Pronoun shifting Someone cannot be a they Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

Parallel Construction  Each statement must be able to stand alone and still be grammatically correct.  The student is required to read 30 pages of text, write a report, and memorize a list of vocabulary words. to read to write to memorize Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

Dirty Grammar  Make ‘em parallel My experience with psychology is mostly from attending classes, working with children, and to read books. If you can’t pull it apart, then it ain’t parallel ..from attending classes ..from working with children ..from read books Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

Dirty Grammar – Comma use  I expect to gain much experience in this class, and hope to find out a direction for my career. I expect to gain much experience in this class hope to find out a direction for my career  I expect to gain much experience in this class, and I hope to find out a direction for my career. I expect to gain much experience in this class I hope to find out a direction for my career  Mostly, whenever possible, use, or otherwise utilize, a comma on introductory phrases At that time, I wanted to be a counselor Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

Resources for help  The ARC – writing center (410)  Your peers  Your texts Quick APA Language Guide

APA SCAVENGER HUNT

INTRO TO RESEARCH METHODS

Research Methods  There are 6 basic categories of scientific method that virtually all research falls into Research Non-ExperimentalExperimental Naturalistic ObservationQuasi-Experimental Survey Relational Research Field Study Experimental

Research Methods – Naturalistic Observation  Addresses most basic scientific question: “What is out there?”  Requires operational definition of events to be observed  Observer must be unobtrusive, and design must be nonreactive

Research Methods – Field-Based Research  Like naturalistic observation, conducted in real-world settings  Goal is to establish natural relations among events  Observer must be unobtrusive, but methods are intentionally reactive

Research Methods – Survey Research  Appropriate to the study of private behaviors  Two primary styles: Interviews (structured/unstructured) Questionnaires (structured/unstructured)

Research Methods – Relational (Correlational) Research  Goal to verify systematic (usually linear) relations among events  Strengths/directions of relations generally expressed in form of correlation coefficient (r xy )

Research Methods – True Experiment  Goal: to establish a cause-effect relationship among events Does low-fat diet cause decrease in cancer risk? Does exposure to violent video games cause increase in violent behaviors? Does spaced study cause increase in memory accuracy and retention? Do genetic variations cause sexual preference?

Research Methods – True Experiment  Requires: random assignment of participants to at least two equivalent conditions manipulation of one factor (independent variable, or IV) in one condition (experimental), leaving it unchanged in other condition (control) measurement of one other factor in both conditions (factor called dependent variable, or DV; measurement instrument called dependent measure, or DM)

Research Methods – True Experiment  Concludes: if groups are NOT equivalent with respect to DV, and if the difference between the groups is so big it probably did not happen by chance, then manipulation of the IV caused the difference in the DV

Research Methods – Quasi-Experiment  Goal also to establish cause-effect relations among events  Required when random assignment is not possible, because must use pre-existing groups, or IV impossible to manipulate directly, or IV unethical/illegal to manipulate directly

Research Methods Review  Name 6 categories of scientific research

The parts of an APA manuscript  Title Page  Abstract  Body Literature review Method Results Discussion  References  Tables  Figures  Appendices

Review  General guidelines  Title page  Abstract

Body  Purpose: The “meat” of your article. You want to share your experiences, knowledge, opinions with the world.  Formatting: Title centered at top of first page Double space, indent, and begin your text  Content: Discuss all necessary aspects of your topic {see next slide}

Body – Experimental / Research Paper  Introduction Purpose:  Identify previous work in the field relating to your topic / study Formatting:  NO heading (e.g., “Introduction”) to start  May use headings to separate sections

Body – Experimental / Research Paper  Introduction (cont’d) Content  Lit review Cite previous scientific work related to your article Logical (usually not chronological) order  Purpose of study What are you trying to accomplish / investigate?

Body – Experimental / Research Paper  Introduction (cont’d) Content (cont’d)  Theoretical issues How does your article impact the field? How has previous work in the field influenced your article?  Definitions of variables What do you mean by, “depression” or “efficient time use”?  Statement of hypotheses What do you expect to find, given the previous work in the field and your own personal twist?

Body – Literature Review Paper  Introduction Content  Theoretical issues What previous work has been done in this topic? Is there any controversy / disagreement about this topic? What are the opposing view points?  Definitions of variables What do you mean by, “depression” or “efficient time use”?

Body – Experimental / Research Paper  Other Components of the Body Method Section Results Section Discussion Section  {to be continued…}

Review and Next Steps  Review  Next week assignments Gram reading (ch 9) and assigments #1-3 in the book APA ch 4 APA Style Practice Test #1  Editorial style (the minutiae)