Questionnaires & Opinionnaires Advantages Large volume of data gathered in a very short time. Ease of administration Consistent response Low cost

Questionnaires Disadvantages  Validity ( did each respondent understand in same way)  No control  Poor return rate  Slow returns  Cannot always know who completes

Types of Questions  Demographic  Opinion  Knowledge  Self-appraisal

Demographic Questions  Information ( categorize/ group ) Age, gender, income, education, marital status, occupation, experience, handicaps Age, gender, income, education, marital status, occupation, experience, handicaps  Use Identify composition of group Identify composition of group Compare characteristics with others Compare characteristics with others Comparisons within group Comparisons within group

Opinion questions  Confidentiality  Use Identify feelings about a given subject Identify feelings about a given subject Reflect what respondent thinks is ‘true’ Reflect what respondent thinks is ‘true’

Knowledge Questions  Use How much individual knows How much individual knows How well can implement How well can implement

Self-appraisal Psychological & Physical  Self esteem  How feel  What feel can do  Confidence

Appearance  Uncluttered  Easy to read ( font size )  Easy to answer ( good instructions )  Grouping by types of question  Divided by sections

Question format Unstructured vs Structured  Unstructured – open-ended or free-response Advantages – Advantages – not sure what to expect situationsnot sure what to expect situations little prompting (suggest)little prompting (suggest) Disadvantages – Disadvantages – VarietyVariety CompletenessCompleteness UnwieldyUnwieldy Time to completeTime to complete Need good communication skillsNeed good communication skills Smaller volume of material acquired given limited timeSmaller volume of material acquired given limited time

Question format  Structured Quickly identified response alternatives Quickly identified response alternatives No elaboration No elaboration All get same All get same Consistency (response focused) Consistency (response focused) Easy to administer Easy to administer Responses coded (1 -5, etc.) Responses coded (1 -5, etc.)

Writing Questions  Use simple language, one thought  Build in personal appeal  Culture / bias free  Interesting  Avoid discrimination (him/ her)  Instructions and questions short & clear  Ask only relevant necessary  Group (keep response flow)  Avoid negative statements  Do not ‘crowd’ too much on page  Readability (target population?)

Response Options  Fact questions (most) have limited range  Similarly demographic questions Examples  Age 18 – 24,  Which of the following best describes you  The recreation offerings are meeting the needs of the public  The staff member was  Select your favorite recreation activity

Functional Assessment The ability to respond to the physical demands of daily living with vigor and without undue fatigue, and still have enough reserve energy to engage in leisurely pursuits FA is the primary objective of many exercise and rehabilitation programs for middle-aged and older adults.

Self Report (appraisal)  Physical Activity  Twenty-eight in 1997 Medicine and Scinec in Sport & Exercise.  Most have been developed for research purposes.  For screening and motivational tool: Healthy Physical activity Participation Q Healthy Physical activity Participation Q

Self efficacy A key factor for exercise adherence Situation specific:  Physical Activity Self-efficacy Scale  Adherence Efficacy Scale  Barriers to Exercise Scale Disease self-management:  Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale – diet, glucose, Confidence Physical capabilities –  Falls Efficacy Scale,  Activity Specific Balance Confidence

Health Status & Physical Well-Being  Exercise can make people feel better More relaxed, increased energy, enhance quality of life, well being More relaxed, increased energy, enhance quality of life, well being  Subjective Exercise Experience Scale  Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory  Vitality Plus Scale – various components of feeling good