 TRANSIT  ACROSS BORDERS  AGRICULTURAL TYPE OF MIGRATION

MAIN CAUSES FOR MIGRATION  Extreme Poverty  Unemployment  Devaluation of agricultural products

MAIN DESTINATION FOR AGRICULTURAL WORKERS   Agricultural production centers in the State of Chiapas

IRREGULAR SITUATIONS  They were cheated since they were hired  Violation of their labor righs: Change of working conditions at the plantation Change of working conditions at the plantation Verbal abuse by foremen Verbal abuse by foremen Inequality compared to Mexican workers Inequality compared to Mexican workers

BORDER MOBILIZATION  Year ,321  Year ,028

BORDER CROSSING ZONES GUATEMALA - MEXICO  Huehuetenango  San Marcos  Petén

DESTINATIONS AND ROUTES              Main destination sites for temporary agricultural workers from El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua: (  ) Zacapa (Estanzuela), Izabal, Santa Rosa, Escuintla, Suchitepéquez.  Main transit zones (  ) Agua Caliente (300 personas por día), Esquipulas, Tecún Umán, El Carmen, La Mesilla, Gracias a Dios, Ingenieros El Naranjo, Carmelitas, Melchor.  

CROPS  Coffee  Cotton  Mango  Sugar Cane  Tobacco  Corn  Plantain, banana

WORK LOCATIONS  Tapachula  Ciudad Hidalgo  Huixtla  Tuxtla  Ciudad Juárez  Mazatlán  Motozintla

REPORT ON BORDER CROSSING  Tecún Umán 55 %  El Carmen and Malacatán 45%

DEPARTMENTS OF ORIGIN  San Marcos 67%  Quetzaltenango 15%  Retalhuleu 7%  Suchitepequez 5%  Other 6%

MIGRATION BY GENDER  MEN90%  WOMEN10%

MIGRATION BY AGE GROUPS  years 10%  years 36%  years 49%  years 5%

MIGRATION BY MARITAL STATUS  Married 32%  Living together 40%  Single 28%

TIME OF MIGRATION  years72%  More than 7 years28%

FINANCIAL RETRIBUTION  Minimum wage, Guatemala  Minimum wage, Mexico 42.30

WORK SCHEDULES MEXICAN PLANTATIONS  More than 8 hours60%  Less than 8 hours40%

TYPES AND DURATION OF CONTRACTS  Through intermediaries69%  No intermediaries31%  months89%  More than 3 months11%

PAYMENT  By task88%  Daily42%  Every 2 weeks65%  Monthly35%

ACCOMMODATION CONDITIONS  In warehouse-type buildings with dirt floor 90% with dirt floor 90%  Hygiene conditions: Medium 46% Medium 46% Bad 34% Bad 34% Good 12% Good 12% Very bad 8% Very bad 8%

FOOD QUALITY  GOOD 54%  BAD 46%

FACTORS ASSOCIATED TO HEALTH RISKS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS  Age  Gender  Climatic change  Type of food  Work disadvantage  Exploitation  Work Instability  Poverty  Overcrowding  Exposure to agrochemicals

MAIN HEALTH PROBLEMS  Vector-Borne Diseases : Dengue, Malaria, Leptospirosis, Oncocercosis Chagas, Leshmaniasis.  Inmuno-Preventable: Measles, Chickenpox, Rubella, Scarlet Fever, Parotiditis  Diarrhea: Cholera, Intestinal Parasites, Amoebiasis, H. Pilory, Food Poisoning

MAIN HEALTH PROBLEMS  Respiratory Disorders: Influenza, Tonsillitis, Angina, Laryngeal Angina, Pneumonia  Obligatory Surveillance: Tuberculosis, STIs, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis  Other: Sarcoptiosis, Mycosis, Urinary Tract Infection, Dermatitis, Poisoning by Plant Protection Products

ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE  No health care59%  Manager or foreman32%  Health staff 4%  Other 5%

CONCLUSIONS  More importance is given to legal migration aspects.  Labor aspects related to financial retribution and health care are not considered.

RECOMMENDATIONS  Including the Health topic in the Guatemala – Mexico Migration Agenda, within the framework of the Right to be Healthy.  Creating a binational operative group with multiple professionals (not administrative), to follow up on agreements on health care for migrant populations.

 Creating a group with representatives from both countries: Foreign Affairs Foreign Affairs Ministry of the Interior (migration, National Civil Police - PNC) Ministry of the Interior (migration, National Civil Police - PNC) Defense (security) Defense (security) Labor Labor Public Health, Social Security Public Health, Social Security Education Education Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) International Labor Organization International Labor Organization International Organization for Migration International Organization for Migration RECOMMENDATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS Civil Society Organizations Civil Society Organizations Mesa Nacional de Migraciones (MENAMIG) Mesa Nacional de Migraciones (MENAMIG) Casa de Atención al Migrante Casa de Atención al Migrante Agricultural Workers’ Organizations Agricultural Workers’ Organizations Association of Intermediaries Association of Intermediaries Project Hope Project Hope International Cooperation International Cooperation

 The Minister of Foreign Affairs should be the group coordinator  Responsibilities of the Group: Developing the Operational Plan for monitoring, assessing and supervising actions. Developing the Operational Plan for monitoring, assessing and supervising actions.  Close coordination between the Health Department (Secretaría de Salud) of Mexico, the Ministry of Health of Guatemala and Social Security Departments in both countries. RECOMMENDATIONS

THANK YOU HEALTH SECTOR OCTOBER 2004