Zenaida B. Soriano,MS Senior ASEAN Expert Cosmetics ORAL CARE Zenaida B. Soriano,MS Senior ASEAN Expert Cosmetics

ORAL CARE PRODUCTS Toothbrush Dentifrice Oral Rinses

ORAL ENVIRONMENT

ORAL ENVIRONMENT Teeth Gingiva / Mucosa Saliva Plaque Tartar Caries Periodontal Disease

ORAL ENVIRONMENT TEETH Enamel – hard, white outer covering surrounding the crown of the tooth. Consists of inorganic substances, calcium and phosphate. Cementum – thin, bone-like material covering the root. Also consists of inorganic substances. Dentin – a yellow bone-line material under the enamel Provides support Forms bulk of tooth Composed of collagen (20%) and calcium phosphate (75%) Pulp – soft tissue in the center of the crown and root Contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels Produces dentin Provides nourishment for tooth Functions as a sensory signal of injury Pellicle – thin salivary film covering the tooth composed of proteins and lipids

Figure 1: Diagrammatic Sketch of the Tooth and Periodontal Tissue

Figure 2: The Palatal Surface of the Upper Jaw A diagrammatic representation of palatal surface of the upper jaw, with a full complement of permanent teeth Source: Morton Pader p.23

Figure 3: The Maxillary Teeth Source: Morton Pader p. 25

Figure 4: The Mandibular Teeth Source: Morton Pader p. 26

Figure 5: The Deciduous Teeth Source: Morton Pader p. 27

Figure 6: The Permanent Teeth Source: Morton Pader p. 27

Table 1: Approximate Age of Tooth Eruption Source: Morton Pader p. 28

ORAL ENVIRONMENT GINGIVA / MUCOSA Gingiva – dense fibrous tissue surrounding necks of teeth Covered by a smooth mucous membrane which bleeds easily when penetrated Also called “periodontal tissue” or “gums” Oral mucosa – “mucous membrane” lining the mouth Peridontium - attachment apparatus consisting of Gingiva Cementum Periodontal ligament Jawbone Oral mucosa

ORAL ENVIRONMENT SALIVA A complex fluid secreted by salivary glands containing water, mucin, proteins, salts and enzymes. Functions: aids in digestion lubricates both hard and soft tissues buffers cariogenic acids forms the pellicle provides minerals for repairing enamel / cementum (remineralization) delivers antimicrobial agents (immunoglobulins, enzymes, etc.)

ORAL ENVIRONMENT PLAQUE Soft sticky, invisible film constantly forming in your mouth. Covers teeth and gums. Oral mucosa cells Saliva Bacteria Can be removed by brushing and flossing. Gram + cocci Gram + rods Gram – anaerobes (healthy mouth) (gingivitis) Formation / progression influenced by: Diet Host immune system Oral environment

Inhibition of Plaque Accumulation Source: Morton Pader p.54 (Table 3)

ORAL ENVIRONMENT TARTAR Calcification (crystallization of minerals) on the surface of the tooth formed mainly in the presence of plaque. Rough surface promotes further growth of plaque Stains easily (yellow / brown) Most prevalent near salivary glands and around necks and roots of teeth Removed only by dentist Tartar Control Agents (Pyrophosphate) Acts as crystal “poisons” to stop formation Easily degraded by oral enzymes / stabilized by fluoride and Gantrez.

ORAL ENVIRONMENT CARIES A progressively destructive, infectious disease resulting in: Demineralization of enamel / cementum Bacterial penetration to pulp Formation of macroscopic activity Caries promotion Caries reduction dietary carbohydrate increased salivary flow reduced salivary flow reduced plaque cariogenic bacteria fluoride Sound enamel plaque acid prod saliva acid neutralization mineral loss mineral gain (fluoride) Lesions Cavity

COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY OF DENTIFRICES

COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY OF DENTIFRICES A dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth (American Dental Association) TOOTHPASTE: Toothpaste is a colloidal suspension of a mixture of ingredients that must be carefully balanced in order to provide an efficacious, safe, and consumer friendly product

TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENTS Abrasive Binder Humectant Sweetener Flavor Surfactant Active Ingredients

ABRASIVE Function: Characteristics: Cleaning and polishing Solid, insoluble particles Abrasive Potential for fluoride interaction

ABRASIVE Types : Silica Phosphate Salts – ie “Dical” Carbonates – ie Calcium Carbonate or Chalk Others

Radioactive Dentin Abrasion Method This procedure involves the use of accelerated toothbrushing apparatus and dentin section that contain radioactive phosphorous. The ADA standard was set at 100, which corresponds to RDA value of 475.

Figure 7: In-vitro Abrasion Studies, RDA This photograph shows a two-brush model abrasion machine, which is used in in vitro dentifrice abrasion studies. Figure 10-1 (p.173 Textbook of Preventive Dentistry) Source: Stallard, Richard E. A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry (Second Edition).

Comparative Abrasiveness of some Commercially Available Dentifrices as Determined by a Radioactive Dentin Procedure Source: Stallard, Richard E. A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry (Second Edition).

BINDER Function: Characteristics: Used to stabilize toothpaste formulations to prevent separation of the liquid and solid phases Characteristics: Can be natural or synthetic

BINDER Types: Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers Others Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) Carrageenans Xanthan Gum Synthetic Polymers Others

HUMECTANT Function: Characteristics: Used in toothpaste to prevent loss of water and subsequent hardening of the product upon exposure to air Characteristics: Affect taste perception Proper usage level produce a clear translucent toothpaste

HUMECTANT Types: Glycerine Sorbitol Polyethylene Glycol Xylitol Propylene Glycol

SWEETENER Types: Sodium Saccharin Sodium Cyclamate Acesulfame K

SWEETENER Function: Characteristics: An important part of toothpaste flavoring system Characteristics: Government regulations Non-cariogenic

FLAVOR Function: Characteristics: Improve taste of toothpaste Characteristics: One of the most important factors for consumer A mixture of flavoring agents

FLAVOR Types: Minty Fruity Medicinal Cinnamon

Oral products have a unique and specialized flavor requirements Oral products have a unique and specialized flavor requirements. To be successful in oral products, a flavor must: Have a pleasant taste while brushing Leave a pleasant taste in your mouth after brushing Be compatible with the base

All factors being roughly equal – “mouthfeel” appearance, perceived therapeutic attributes, etc. – the consumer will look to flavor as the determinant in selecting a product for use day after day and year after year.

SURFACTANT Function: Characteristics: Produce foam and aid in the removal of debris Emulsifies flavoring agents Characteristics: May react with other toothpaste components High level may cause mucosal irritation

SURFACTANT Types: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Sodium N-Lauroyl Sarcosinate Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate PEG Oil

FLUORIDE ACTIVES Function: Characteristics: Regulated by Government Increase resistance to enamel solubility Characteristics: Regulated by Government Restricted usage level Soluble fluoride ion is essential for activity

FLUORIDE ACTIVES Types: Sodium Fluoride NaF Sodium Monofluorophosphate MFP Stannous Fluoride SnF2

Anticaries Dentifrices: FDA Tentative Final Monograph

OTHER ACTIVES Tartar Polyphosphates Zinc Citrate Plaque / Gingivitis Triclosan SnF2 Chlorhexidine Desensitizer Potassium Nitrate Whitening Calcium Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide

TYPICAL COMPOSITION Ingredients Weight % Humectants 60 – 20 Water 0 – 50 Binders 0 – 12 Abrasive 18 – 50 Flavor 0.5 – 2.0 Sweetener 0.2 – 1.0 Surfactant 0.5 – 2.0 Fluoride 0.2 – 1.2

U.S. FORMULA COMPARISON

TOOTHPASTE CONSIDERATIONS Safety Efficacy Consumer Friendly Pleasing taste Ease of use Pleasing appearance

PRODUCT CRITERIA Minimum one year shelf life Easily dispensable Compatible with the package Efficacious Safe

MOUTHWASHES or ORAL RINSES

Ingredients of Dentifrices and Oral Rinses

Mouthwash Components Source: Morton Pader (Table 2) p. 500

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