Data and Database Management System (DBS)

 Computer processing involves two components: data and instructions (program). Data used by programming instructions are often accessed in either of two ways.  There are two methods for designing the interface between programs instruction and data. File oriented processing.  The disadvantages of file oriented processing include redundant data and programs and varying formats for storing the redundant data  In file oriented environments, programmer develop physical files to record data and generate output for each desired view of the data. In data oriented environments, programmers develop and integrated data store to record data.

Data DBMS Application A Application B Application c EXHIBIT C-1 Database Architecture

 A DBMS environment allows the development and maintenance of a data repository that is independent from applications programs.

EXHIBIT C-2 Sample Hierarchical Structure

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AssetsLiabilitiesEquity Current Assets Current Liabilities Revenue Property, Plant And Equipment Long Term Liabilities Expenses EXHIBIT C-3 Accounting Data In a Hierarchical Structure

Name Maureen Rodriguez Steve Anderson Cheryl Gibbs Lyn Hoggan Scott Kirkham Karrie Eaquinto Jim Stice Telephone Number EXHIBIT C-4 A Sample Relational Table

Name Telephone Balance Nicol ,456 Benjamin ,412 Tate ,569 Charisse ,321 Marty ,682 Sariah ,632 McKell ,002 Name Telephone Balance Sep99 Nicol Sep99 Charisse Sep99 Benjamin Sep99 Tate Sep99 Marty Sep99 Sariah Sep99 McKell Item # Description Price Cost 1 Rocket Violin Bat Doll Invoice # Item # Qty CUSTOMER SALE PRODUCT PRODUCT-SALE

Record # 1 Record # 2 Record # 3 File Database Employee #Customer #Register #Sale # Fields Record Layout EXHIBIT C-6 File Structure Relationship

 To create a physical and logical data environment, the developer begins by using data definition commands to create the data structures. The developer also specifies how data items and structures are related.  Next, the developer creates input/output screens (for collecting or displaying data), queries, reports and document formats.  Programmers can directly input data into the data structures, or they can test their macros, forms and programs to input the initial pool of data.

 In some environments, database have been narrowly defined for capturing, maintaining and reporting the data and information for supporting day-to-day business operations. In this environments, database are the key component of the online transaction processing system (OLTP)  An increasing number of IS developers are advocating the use of data warehousing technology to satisfy this need for what is called online analytical processing (OLAP)  Data warehouses contain data from operational databases, as well as data from other. Often external, sources. The objective is to capture and make available the knowledge and information viewed as critical for analysis and decision making. Data warehouses provide summary data as of a certain point in time.