Measuring Regional Economies: Visualising the data Dev Virdee Head of Regional Economic Analysis Division Office for National Statistics United Kingdom

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Deprivation and Ethnicity

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Introduction Data Sources: –Population Census - Question on Ethnicity gives information on Ethnic Mix of an area. –Indices of Multiple Deprivation Aim of Analysis: - To look at variations between regions of the spread of ethnic groups across the different levels of deprivation

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Whole population England: deciles (10 per cent groupings) Relative Proportions compared with baseline Most deprived Least deprived Level of Deprivation Relative Proportion (baseline = 100) England

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group England: Tendency to live in more deprived areas Relative Proportions compared with baseline Most deprived Least deprived Level of Deprivation Relative Proportion (baseline = 100) England

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group Largest proportions of Indians in London. Contrasting with national pattern - more spread across deprivation scale, most living in medium deprivation areas. Relative Proportions compared with baseline Most deprived Least deprived Level of Deprivation Relative Proportion (baseline = 100) England London

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group West Midlands: Generally lower proportions than in London, although above national average overall. Highest proportions in more deprived areas. Relative Proportions compared with baseline Most deprived Least deprived Level of Deprivation Relative Proportion (baseline = 100) England West Midlands London

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group Yorkshire & the Humber: Below national baseline in all areas, with higher concentrations in more deprived areas. Relative Proportions compared with baseline Most deprived Least deprived Level of Deprivation Relative Proportion (baseline = 100) England Yorkshire and Humber West Midlands London

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group South East – Below national average proportions, concentrated in medium deprivation areas. Relative Proportions compared with baseline Most deprived Least deprived Level of Deprivation Relative Proportion (baseline = 100) England Yorkshire and Humber West Midlands London South East

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Bangladeshi Group Relative Proportions compared with baseline Most deprived Least deprived Level of Deprivation Relative Proportion (baseline = 100) England Yorkshire and Humber West Midlands London South East London over 17 times England

Deprivation & Ethnicity: Chinese Group Relative Proportions compared with baseline Most deprived Least deprived Level of Deprivation Relative Proporion (baseline = 100) England Yorkshire and Humber West Midlands London

Summary Differences between and within regions Indian Group in London and South East concentrated in middle of deprivation scale Chinese group represented evenly across all levels of deprivation Some Ethnic Groups more likely to live in deprived areas within all regions: Proportion of Bangladeshis 17 times higher in most deprived areas of London, and 4 times across England as a whole Black Africans & Black Caribbeans 2.5 times as likely to live in most deprived areas across England, much higher in some regions

Analysing differences in Regional Economic Performance

Drivers of Productivity Government has identified following drivers for Regional Productivity: Innovation Enterprise Investment Skills Competition The challenge is – how do we measure them, particularly at regional level?

Regional Economic Indicators ONS – Regional Economic Indicators article in Economic & Labour Market Review Main Indicators (examples): Innovation Regional Research & Development Enterprise VAT registrations Investment Gross Fixed Capital Formation Skills Qualifications Competition Regional Trade Statistics

Regional Economic Indicators – some results Innovation: Research & Development as percentage of GVA East of England highest at 3.5% of GVA London, North East, Yorkshire & the Humber below 0.5%

Competition: Regional Trade in Goods: Absolute (£ millions) distribution quite different from exports as percentage of Gross Value Added (GVA) Regional Economic Indicators – some results

Analysis - Productivity or GVA(GDP) per capita? The perception of relative regional performance can change depending on the measure of regional performance that is chosen Differences within regions can be as important as differences between regions Several factors explain the gap between regions

UK regional disparities in economic performance are significant… UK average GVA – Gross Value Added – measure of economic activity

.. but how different depends on the criteria we use to measure “performance”….. (UK average)

GVA per hour worked, the preferred measure of productivity, shows smaller gap between regions (UK average)

Explaining the differences: UK average (UK average)

Explanatory factors: Hours worked per job (UK average) Hours worked per job

Explanatory factors: Employment/Labour Force (UK average) Employment rate

Explanatory factors: Commuting (UK average) Commuting rate

Explanatory factors: Labour Force/Population (UK average) Activity rate

Main findings The perception of relative regional performance can change depending on the measure of productivity that is chosen Differences within regions can be as important as differences between regions Several factors explain the gap between regions: in the North East, all working in one direction East of England and South East - good exploitation of geographical location, skills, innovation, transport and infrastructure

Key differences in regional economic performances – GVA per head, per filled job and per hour worked

Key differences in regional economic performances – GVA per hour worked

Key differences in regional economic performances – Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) per head

Differences within/between regions Sub-regions (NUTS2, NUTS3 areas) City regions Labour Market Areas/Travel to Work Areas Urban-rural divide Other geographical areas GVA, productivity, GDHI, labour market indicators show variation within the overall regional picture

Differences within/between regions – NUTS2 GVA per head

Differences within/between regions – NUTS3 GVA per head GVA per head ….… vs Productivity Commuter Viewer

Wirral

Statistical visualisation examples: Urban Audit

Statistical visualisation examples: 2001 Census Key Statistics

Statistical visualisation examples: Local Units by Industry

Statistical visualisation examples: Personal Inflation Calculator

Statistical visualisation examples: Urban Audit