Tolerance and Public Administration in Integrated Europe Assoc.Prof. Selçuk Çolakoğlu Adnan Menderes University 5 June 2010, Bialystok

What Is Diversity? Being diverse, difference, unlikeliest, variety Racial/Ethnic Racial/Ethnic Religious Religious Cultural Cultural Age Age Gender Gender Disability Disability

What is tolerance? To understand and embrace people from different backgrounds and those who have different beliefs; not judging others based on superficial qualities. In practice, "tolerance" indicates support for practices that prohibit ethnic and religious discrimination. Intolerance refers to the discriminatory practices. Intolerance refers to the discriminatory practices.

Aspects of Culture or Ethnicity History History Social Status Social Status Social Group Interaction Patterns Social Group Interaction Patterns Value Orientations Value Orientations Language and Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal Language and Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal Family Life Processes Family Life Processes Healing Beliefs and Practices Healing Beliefs and Practices Religion Religion Art and Expressive Forms Art and Expressive Forms Diet/Foods Diet/Foods Recreation Recreation Clothing Clothing

Cultural Dimensions PERSONAL CORPORATE ETHNIC GENERATIONAL RELIGIOUS CLASS GENDER REGIONAL NATIONAL PROFESSIONAL / EDUCATIONAL

Am I Diverse? Who am I? Who am I? What about my family? What about my family? Who are my friends? Who are my friends? Who do I associate with? Who do I associate with?

Do I think Diverse? What am I comfortable with? What am I comfortable with? Am I willing to go outside the box? Am I willing to go outside the box? Can I change myself? Can I change myself? Can I go beyond tolerance? Can I go beyond tolerance?

What is ethnicity? From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community. “Ethnie“ is a named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland, a sense of solidarity among at least some members. - covers both majority and minority population. - covers both majority and minority population.vs multiple identities, situational (transcending) ethnicities, hybridity

What is race? Race remains a legitimate concept for sociological analysis because social actors treat is as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to it. (van den Berghe) Race remains a legitimate concept for sociological analysis because social actors treat is as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to it. (van den Berghe) Race is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the status quo. (Robert Miles) Race is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the status quo. (Robert Miles) Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there are. (D. Mason) Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there are. (D. Mason)

Race vs Ethnicity Race is often treated as ideology Race is often treated as ideology ethnicity as a real phenomenon. ethnicity as a real phenomenon. Racial refers mainly to physical terms, Racial refers mainly to physical terms, ethnic rather to cultural terms. ethnic rather to cultural terms. Race refers to them, Race refers to them, ethnicity to us. ethnicity to us. Both concepts always imply social relationship. Both concepts always imply social relationship.

What is minority? group of people distinguished by physical or cultural characteristics subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live and who regard themselves as victims of collective discrimination 1945 Louis Wirth

Minority must be a 'non dominant' group; must be a 'non dominant' group; its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚ its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚ must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language' must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language' Also non dominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state, Also non dominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state, those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state where they reside. those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state where they reside.

Different minority groups- Different claims and expectations National minorities National minorities Indigenous people Indigenous people Immigrants Immigrants Refugees Refugees Guestworkers Guestworkers Descendants of slaves Descendants of slaves Roma Roma Religious groups Religious groups Autonomy Autonomy Fair terms of integration Fair terms of integration Inclusion Inclusion Affirmative action Affirmative action Cultural rights Cultural rights

Integration Models Three models of minority integration: Assimilation (majority- comformity) Assimilation (majority- comformity) Amalgamation (melting pot) Amalgamation (melting pot) Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism) Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism) Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperation Parillo, 1997

Discrimination: Personal – Cultural - Structural Neil Thompson

Racisms PrejudiceDiscrimination Inequality Racism involves (a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority (b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate The Parekh Report, 2000 AttitudesBehaviourStructures

Assimilation and Racism (Bauböck) assimilation is possible yesno assimilation is required yescompulsory assimilation racist double-bind nopluralismsegregation

Assimilationist model DIFFERENCEDEFICIT ASSIMILATION COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES Does the individual fit into the System or ‘Institution’? into the System or ‘Institution’? ASSIMILATION

Multiculturalism M odel Cultural Effects CULTURES CULTURES LIFESTYLES ATTITUDES LIFESTYLES ATTITUDESPLURALIST TOLERANCE AND HARMONY Does the organisation of this ‘institution’ Does the organisation of this ‘institution’ recognise Diversity ? recognise Diversity ? PLURALIST

Equity/Rights Model Social and Political Effects EQUITY PARTICIPATION EQUITY PARTICIPATIONANTIDISCRIMINATORY LIFE CHANCES Are people enabled in this ‘institution’? Do the structures allow for achievement, growth and opportunities? ANTIDISCRIMINATORY

EU’s Legal Base of anti-discrimination Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) Two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC) Two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC) European Framework Convention for protection of national minorities (FCNM) European Framework Convention for protection of national minorities (FCNM) CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc. i.e. framework for public policies i.e. framework for public policies promoting positive interethnic relations, elimination of discrimination and racism.

Green paper on Equality and non- discrimination in an enlarged EU in 2000 The EU adopted two Directives (Directive 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC) prohibiting direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. 2000/43/EC2000/78/EC 2000/43/EC2000/78/EC These texts contain precise definitions of direct and indirect discrimination and of harassment. These texts contain precise definitions of direct and indirect discrimination and of harassment.

EU’s Race Directive The EU rejects theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. Race is a social construct, i.e. a category without any biological underpinning.

The European Council of Religious Leaders – Istanbul Declaration on Tolerance on April 2010 Traditional European cultures are faced with new challenges. Traditional European cultures are faced with new challenges. In the first decade of the 21st century religion came to be recognised as an important force in European societies. In the first decade of the 21st century religion came to be recognised as an important force in European societies. There are tragic examples of strained relationships between people of different faiths, but more often religious people live peacefully together, and initiatives for interreligious dialogue and cooperation are multiplying. There are tragic examples of strained relationships between people of different faiths, but more often religious people live peacefully together, and initiatives for interreligious dialogue and cooperation are multiplying.

Religious Harmony

Tolerance requires mutuality and is a precondition for a culture of peace - Tolerance is an active recognition of diversity and means respecting the otherness in terms of religion and culture. - Tolerance is an active recognition of diversity and means respecting the otherness in terms of religion and culture. - Tolerance means respecting the other’s human rights, but not necessarily sharing his or her viewpoints. - Tolerance means respecting the other’s human rights, but not necessarily sharing his or her viewpoints. - Tolerance implies that all may speak openly and freely, also when their views are controversial. - Tolerance implies that all may speak openly and freely, also when their views are controversial. - Tolerance meets its most difficult challenge when faced with the intolerant. - Tolerance meets its most difficult challenge when faced with the intolerant. A cohesive and peaceful society must protect itself and its institutions against intolerance. A cohesive and peaceful society must protect itself and its institutions against intolerance.

Commitments to interreligious tolerance in Europe In our teaching, preaching and in exercising our leadership roles we will emphasise mutual respect and acceptance. In our teaching, preaching and in exercising our leadership roles we will emphasise mutual respect and acceptance. We can try to prevent any form of hate speech, whether it is in the form of anti-semitism, Islamophobia, attacks on Christians or any other religion. We can try to prevent any form of hate speech, whether it is in the form of anti-semitism, Islamophobia, attacks on Christians or any other religion. We will work for the rights of all religions to be visible in the public square, including religious symbols, wearing religious dress, establishing schools for the education, and building places of worship. We will work for the rights of all religions to be visible in the public square, including religious symbols, wearing religious dress, establishing schools for the education, and building places of worship. We will support further efforts to establish a Universal Code on Holy Sites like places of worship, shrines and cemeteries. We will support further efforts to establish a Universal Code on Holy Sites like places of worship, shrines and cemeteries.

Group Study Discuss: What are the problems of different groups? Discuss: What are the problems of different groups? What is your solution to get a more multicultural and peaceful society? What is your solution to get a more multicultural and peaceful society? 1. National minorities 1. National minorities 2. Religious minorities 2. Religious minorities 3. Migrant workers 3. Migrant workers 4. Racial (black/white/Asian) discrimination 4. Racial (black/white/Asian) discrimination 5. Country-level regional discrimination 5. Country-level regional discrimination