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East Asia and Southeast Asia Today Chapter 28 and 31

Political and Economic systems After WWII, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan: market economies and democratic governments. –generally high standards of living. Communist-ruled China and democratic Mongolia: moving toward economies with both command and market features. North Korea: command economies; is less economically developed.

Agriculture shifted from rural-based agricultural economies to urban-based industrial economies China –More than 55 percent of China’s workers farm the land. –China’s chief crops are rice, wheat, and tea. –During the 1950s, the communist government organized farmers into large communes and mandated the farming methods to be used. –Result: FAMINE…small personal farms used now

Mongolia –Economy depends on livestock –Main products: wool and milk North Korea –Farms are organized into cooperatives Worked by households Owned by government –Can’t meet its own food demands Japan –modern farming methods and efficient use of limited space have produced high crop yields. –government subsidizes farmers’ incomes, which helps keep farmers in agriculture. Taiwan –grows rice, sugarcane, tea, bananas, and pineapples on its limited farmland.

Industry Since the 1960s, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan have become important industrial and trading countries Japan –US help rebuild economy after WWII. –Skilled workers and modern tech: major exporter of Cars, computers, electronics

South Korea –Industry based on exports (like Japan) N. Korea –command economy based on heavy industries –produce machinery, chemicals, and military equipment. Taiwan –Major export economy –technology-based products and services are replacing textiles and plastics

China –government controls its manufacturing industries –Since the 1970s, however, Chinese officials have sought foreign investment and permitted private ownership of small businesses Hong Kong –British territory, go back to China in 1999 –Bring big profits to China

TRADE Japan –Imports raw material for export goods –High trade surplus Charges high tariffs for imported goods China –Wants more trading partners –Some countries limit trade because of Human Rights violations How China treats its citizens; limits freedoms

Travel Land Travel: –Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan: major highways and high speed trains –China: railways for long distance travel Bicycles are very common Water –China: rivers are major transportation sources –Commercial shipping major part of export business

Communications Japan, South Korea, Taiwan: –Easy access to internet, phones, newspaper, TV China and N. Korea –the government controls the media and limits citizens’ access to information on the Internet.

Power Most power comes from burning fossil fuels China’s Three Gorges Dam project on the Yangtze River aims to supply a huge amount of hydroelectric power to China’s interior Nuclear Energy –Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan rely on nuclear energy for 30 to 40 percent of their electrical power –Since 1999 Japan has opened several plants that generate wind and solar energy

Environmental Concerns China –Nine of the 10 most-polluted cities in the world are located in China. –reliance on coal, which causes smog (a combination of smoke and fog) and acid rain. –80 percent of China’s cities have no sewage treatment facilities –Deforestation–China has tried to remedy the clear-cutting of forests by planting more trees.

South Korea –relies on nuclear energy and is faced with the problem of radioactive waste. North Korea’s –industrial pollution has resulted in unsafe drinking water. Taiwan –also suffers from water and air pollution

Cleanup – Japan –Since the 1970s: developed some of the world’s strictest environmental laws. –developed a program to help stop global warming; offered financial help and “clean technology” to other East Asian countries.

Ocean Resources Commercial fishing is a major industry in China, Japan, and South Korea. Overfishing is a serious problem, and Japan now imports large quantities of seafood. –Several countries have developed large factory ships to fish far out in international waters. Whales are a delicacy in Japan. Despite a 1986 international treaty limiting whaling, Japanese fleets continue to hunt whales, including endangered species.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Indonesian forest fires are a source of pollution that affects air quality in the region.

Intro 1

Southeast Asia Agriculture –Rice is the region’s chief crop and a major food source and export. –Yams, corn, bananas, and other food crops are popular in areas too dry for rice farming –Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia lead the world in natural rubber production

Forest and Mines –Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand export hard woods from their forests –Indonesia is one of the top 10 producers in OPEC –Southeast Asia’s rich deposits of tin, iron, manganese, and tungsten are a major source of export income

Industry Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are major industrializing countries Manufacturing industries include textiles, clothing, and automobiles. Southeast Asia enjoyed an economic boom during the 1980s and early 1990s In the late 1990s, debt, political corruption, and financial mismanagement led to an economic crisis

Singapore –most developed economy –Major port city and manufacturing center Malaysia –long known for its production of natural rubber and palm oil, has begun to diversify its exports with products such as electronics and electrical products, chemicals, cement, and processed foods -largest exporter of microchips.

Interdependence The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an economic and political alliance that promotes economic growth and cultural exchanges.

Natural Disasters Much of Southeast Asia is part of the Ring of Fire and is subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity. Flash floods and typhoons occur periodically. Natural disasters and their effects are part of everyday life in many parts of Southeast Asia. Volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, typhoons

Environment concerns Cities –Growing populations and crowded urban conditions raise concerns about adequate housing, water supplies, sanitation, and traffic control. –In Singapore, strictly enforced environmental laws keep the city extremely clean, making it an exception in Southeast Asia. Rural areas –Volcanic eruptions and forest fires cause pollution in rural areas, sometimes affecting cities as well

Deforestation –Major concern –timber is a chief export in the region leaves soil exposed to erosion. –Slash-and-burn agriculture and the clearing of land for large plantations have also damaged forests Mining –led to dumping of rock waste in rivers and forests.

Environmental Protection Some Southeast Asian countries have limited certain timber exports and have begun reforestation programs Some countries in the region have begun planned migration or resettlement programs