World Geography 3202 Chapter Nine - page 144

Soil is a Resource provides nutrients and food that plants need to grow certain conditions are needed to grow crops, develop soil and create profit * Some basic ones are shared by all regardless of size, location or type of farm This includes: Inputs, Farm Processes, & Outputs

TERMS TO KNOW (Q #1 page 144) Inputs: The items / things that go into the production of a good or service ex. climate, topography, soil, labour, seeds, plants (seedlings), fertilizers

TERMS TO KNOW Farm Processes: actions taken to produce a product ex. preparation of the land, ploughing, seeding, weeding, harvesting

TERMS TO KNOW Outputs: The products of production / what is produced from farms, industry, business ex. hay, vegetables, grains, livestock, meat, milk, eggs

TERMS TO KNOW Cash Crop: when a farm product is produced in order to be sold Subsistence Farming: people farm to produce the food they need to survive. Any surplus left over may be sold

In Class Activity Q # 2 pg 144 Input, Process, Output? a. vegetable stand b. piece of cheese c. irrigation spraying d. animals

Small Scale Farming KEY input of farming is labour Labour: provided by the people who do the work, allows soil and other components to produce food or another output Family - Operated Farm: if at least half the labour is supplied by the farm operator and his/her family (considered normal)

VIDEOS Subsistence(2:00) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dr1qxd wJwC8&safety_mode=true&persist_safety _mode=1&safe=active Family Operated(2:00) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WOfXE3 _x30&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_ mode=1&safe=active

CASE STUDY #1 Questions 3a, 4b, 5, 6a, #1: A Mixed-Vegetable Farm in Canada

CASE STUDY #2 Class Discussion Questions 7b, 8a, 9 Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming: Farmers produce crops or raise animals primarily for sale to others ** Intensive Farming/Agriculture ** - Write definition from Glossary #2: Rice Farming in Bangladesh

CLASS ACTIVITY WORKSHEET 9.3

Questions 11a, 11b, 11c #3: Shifting Cultivation in Borneo Slash-and-Burn Cultivation: clearing land area of all undergrowth using machetes (13-20 days), farm there for short period and move on leaving land the land to return to forest #3: Shifting Cultivation in Borneo

Large Scale Farming - dozens or hundreds of labourers are hired to perform the work required - farming output supports more than just one family - operations are always commercial This type of farming can take many forms: ➀ Climate ➁ Culture ➂ Economic Factors

CASE STUDY #4 Questions 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b Volcanic Soils: very well suited to many kinds of farming because they are porous and have a high chemical content (increases their productivity) #4: Plantation Farming in Hawaii

CASE STUDY #5 Questions 14, 15a, 15b #5: Wheat Farming in Ukraine Main obstacles to private farming: 1. lack of private suppliers of seeds, fertilizers, and equipment 2. difficulties in obtaining the capital needed to buy inputs 3. shortages of spare parts and services to repair machinery 4. lack of knowledge to manage all aspects of a farm #5: Wheat Farming in Ukraine

Agribusiness: farming systems Questions 17a, 17b Agribusiness: farming systems that are self-sufficient with several advantages 1. Greater access to capital (access to the latest equipment and technology) 2. Ability to export products worldwide 3. Controlled costs of production and export 4. Sell directly to the consumer with no intervening wholesale or retail involvement #6: An Agribusiness in the Philippines

Farming Challenges in Less Developed Countries - problems in providing an adequate quantity of food for their residents - problems with development and food supply stem from ➀ Land ownership ➁ Level of agricultural output ➂ Degree of technological advancements

Land Ownership - Without access to land people in less- developed countries will never become self-sustaining - Most farmers work as labourers - Wages are not adequate to support their families - Most land is owned by wealthy landowners

Agricultural Output - Traditional agriculture is limited in its productivity - New higher-yielding varieties of seeds and breeds of animals should be used - This allows for more productivity which provides food for the expanding population

Degree of Technological Advancements New technologies must be used to allow small-scale farming processes such as planting and harvesting to be completed more efficiently

TERMS TO KNOW Land Reform: the redistribution of land controlled by the wealthy few to individual farmers for smallholding farming (answer to question 20 page 160) Define Green Revolution & Appropriate Technology (answer to question 23 page 161)

CASE STUDY #7 Questions 21a, 21b, 21c - page 160 Land Reform in Brazil

RESEARCH PROJECT Research and prepare a photo essay (4 photos & 150 words) on one of the following topics as it applies to agriculture in a less-developed country a) land reform b) the green revolution c) appropriate technology d) subsistence farming Due: Monday Morning

Science & Technology - High crop yield can be obtained through artificial means - Technology has allowed us to: ➀ Make crops more disease and pest resistant ➁ Foster maturity in crops more quickly ➂ Grow crops in a diversity of climates and ➃ Grow crops in a diversity of soil types

Green Revolution - began in Mexico in the 1950's - drastically decreased India’s food shortage - 1960 India faced massive starvation - After Green Revolution in 1963: new weather resistant high-yield crops were planted and India’s grain production doubled in less than 10 years - India was almost able to feed its population for 10 years

Class Discussion - Question 24 pg 161 The Struggle for Appropriate Technology in Nigeria

CONCLUSION - Since mid 20th century Agricultural Scientists have developed many new plants that have increased World Agricultural Output - The future challenge in less-developed countries will be the quantity and quality of technology used to produce food - If less-developed countries had the technologies of developed countries world food shortages would be eliminated