Biology End of Course Exam Ms. Sager

Nature of Science Chapter 2 – What is science? – What is not science? – All about Laws – They describe a pattern and are fixed – All about Hypotheses and Theories – A Hypothesis can be Scientific and WRONG – LAMARCKS STATEMENTS WERE SCIENTIFIC, BUT THEY WERE ALSO WRONG.

Cell Theory Chapters 4 through 9 Know Cell Theory very well – The people involved in it and the history of it – Spontaneous generation – all experiments involved – Know all specifics –That the structures are made up of Microtubules – Know the ways that Active and Passive transport occur – Know Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic solutions – Know Facilitated Diffusion – Know about any protein pumps and transport proteins

Macromolecules & Enzymes Chapter 5 Structure and Function – Fatty acids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol in cell membranes. Enzymes / Graphs on pg 107 Enzymes and Energy Relationships Enzyme Activity & PH / Enzyme activity with temperature change Denaturation Activation Energy

Photosynthesis & Respiration Chapter 7,8 ATP Know about reactants and products Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration Products of Anaerobic respiration Know Cycles and Cycling of Products (Ex: Krebs Cycle, Light Reactions, Calvin Cycle) ADP

Cell Division Chapter 9 Mitosis – 2 daughter cells – diploid number Meiosis – Know about crossing over, homologous chromosomes, reduction- division, and haploid number Cytokinesis – Know the difference between plant and animal cell division.

DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Chapter 11 Know all base pairing – Ex: A to T and G to C and Uracil Semiconservative replication – see Wikipedia for definition. Transcription Translation Know how all processes occur physically in DNA.

Genetics Chapter 10,12,13 Dihybrid crosses with Epistasis Incomplete dominance Codominance Epistasis Multiple Alleles ABO Blood Types (Page 216) PKU (Phenylketonuria) –Find out how it is inherited, how it affects metabolism – See Wikipedia for this. Know how PKU affects Phenylalanine (Phe), that Phe is an Amino Acid, that it builds proteins, etc…

Cell Cycle and Cancer Chapter 12 Know when a cell is most vulnerable to mutation Know what cancer is and the various forms of it.

Biotechnology & Public Health Chapter 13 Genetically Modified crops Bioethics in Patenting Genes Insecticide resistance Pesticide resistance Herbicide resistance Danger of viruses, bacteria, etc… Markers in genetics – What are the consequences? What are the uses? GMO (13.3) (Genetically Modified Organism) and the impact of these.

Evolution and Classification Chapter 14 & 15 Hominid Evolution – Know about changes to the skull, brow, lower jaw and skull size in humans over time – See Wikipedia Know how to read complicated tables and graphs on this subject – See Chapter Reviews and Chapter graphs. Cladograms and how things are alike in evolution. Endosymbiotic theory – Pages 395 and 396( Chapter 17) How evolution is supported through geographic and physical isolation. Embryology Homologous structures Mutation role in antibiotic resistance Changes by species in response to environmental changes.

Evolution & Classification (Con’t) Chapter 14 & 15 Natural Selection (Ex: Mosquito Dormancy) Survival of the Fittest – Variation in populations Changes in bone structure as evidence for evolution. Fossil record – Age of rocks / relative age/specific age/index fossils KNOW ALL CONTRIBUTORS and what they did: Darwin, Lamarck, Malthus, Lyell, Wallace Know all Domains and how they are classified Know all Kingdoms and how they are classified.

Plants and Specialized Cells Chapter 20 & 21 Want to know about specialized cells in plants Know about the root hairs Know about Phloem & Xylem, which transports nutrients and fluids in plants

Nervous System CHAPTER 28 Know all about it Read Chapter and do the questions

Cardiovascular System CHAPTER 30 Know all about it Read Chapter and do all questions

Immune System CHAPTER 31 Know all about it Read Chapter and do all questions

Reproductive Anatomy & Fetal Development CHAPTER 33 Know all details (Read both chapters) Know about the ovaries and testes. For Fetal Development, know all Trimester Details Know the WEEKS details – When do structures develop, when do organs begin to form, when does the sucking reflex begin, DETAILS ARE IMPORTANT FOR THIS CHAPTER.

Ecology CHAPTER 34,35,36 Predator and prey relationships Carrying Capacity Phytoplankton Disruptions – Ex: Galapagos Penguins and El Nino disrupting the flow of phytoplankton for them to eat Succession Acid Rain ALL CYCLES – WATER, CARBON, NITROGEN, ETC… Population Growth Curves Renewable and Non-renewable resources