Motives for European Exploration 1. The Crusades resulted in Muslims cutting Europeans off from trade with China, India (Ex = Spain – why?) 2. The Renaissance (Humanism) led to a great curiosity about other lands and peoples 3. The Reformation resulted in many refugees needing new homes & missionaries seeking new souls to convert 4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue 5. Fame, fortune & glory!

New Naval Technologies Astrolabe – helped determine what time it was (helped with speed, latitude) Better Maps - increased safety, Sextant – determine latitude (location) Mariner’s Compass – determine N / S / E / W

New Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Navigator Established a School for Navigation, 1419 Trained sailors, captains in navigation, seamanship Encouraged & sponsored Portuguese explorers

Portuguese Exploration in Africa, Asia s-80s: Explored the west coast of Africa 2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487: rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) but didn’t make it to India 3. Vasco da Gama, 1498: first European to sail to India Around Africa, across Indian Ocean to Calicut and Goa

Diaz’s Trip to India

Spain and the “West Indies”

Christofo Colon [ ] Goal was to find westward passage to China – why? Christopher Columbus’ early life (Italian; at sea from age 10; to Spain in 1487) Looked for sponsors for voyages (Leaders of Portugal; Genoa; Venice; England; Spain)

Columbus’ Four Voyages When Columbus died, he was convinced that he had discovered a route to China & the Far East

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World Early 16 c

Other Voyages of Exploration Cabot: Italian, working for English (route to North America) Amerigo Vespucci: Italian; explored S. America and lent his name to the Continent

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquest: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez Aztec myths Spanish allied with Aztec enemies Invited Montezuma to a meeting, then kidnapped him! Without a ruler, Aztec empire disintegrated

Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests The Incas Atahualpa vs. 3 expeditions Took advantage of civil war of Incans Captured Atahualpa, ransomed for 22x17 room filled with gold! Disease killed most Incans

Treasures from the Americas

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

Mercantilism Economic policy that viewed prosperity as a zero sum game –Measured in gold / silver that a country had –Neighboring country ex. –Best way to accumulate wealth = positive balance of trade, with colonies Get raw materials from colony Sell finished goods to colony –Government should be protectionist (tariffs & colonies)

The Columbian Exchange One of the most significant events of world history Exchange of plants, animals, products & diseases between “old” and “new” worlds What did each world get?

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Quinine  TOBACCO  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE (corn)  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

The Potato

The “Triangle” Trade Slave trade consisted of three parts –First, Europeans brought manufactured goods to Africa –Second, Europeans took Africans to Americas as slaves (“middle passage”) –Third, Europeans took raw materials back to Europe

The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans (African v. African; Muslims v. African) 2. In New World, Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans Sugar cane very difficult to harvest First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

European Empires in the Americas

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation Conflict between Spanish, Portuguese Who would get what lands In New World? Pope’s Line: Everything W Of line, to Spanish; E of Line, to Portuguese Treaty Line: formalized Agreement between sides

New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the population and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean 2. Spain conquered the Philippines 3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 Surat in NW India in 1608 Dutch arrived in India in 1595

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease; survivors converted to Christianity 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created great wealth – and an inflationary economic climate 3. New products introduced across the continents (“Columbian Exchange”) 4. Deepened rivalries between European countries