Chapter 11…We continue to learn a lot about the solar system by using space exploration.

4.09 Describe the effects of solar phenomena on Earth. Average sized star Millions of km away 300,000 more massive then Earth 99% of all mass in our solar system About 5 billon Years old with 5 billion more to go!

4.10 Define and describe how the following phenomena affect life on Earth. Include: 1. SUNSPOTS dark patches of slightly cooler (3500°C) surface areas on the sun. increase and decrease in number on an 11-yr cycle. may be related to changes in the Earth’s climate .

4.10 continued… 2. SOLAR FLARES eruptions of gas on the suns surface can last a few hours temperatures increase up to 11,000,000°C Creates Solar Winds

3. Solar Winds Located on the surface of the sun and send high energy particles past Earth. Earth is protected from solar wind by magnetic field. Some particles enter the Earth’s atmosphere to create Auroras. (Northern/Southern lights)

4.10 continued… Some solar winds can disturb Earth’s magnetic field disable satellites, knock out power lines, expose astronauts to high levels of radiation

4.11 Describe the composition and characteristics of the following components of the solar system. Include: 1. The sun 2. Terrestrial and gas planets 3. Dwarf planets (Pluto) 4. Periodicity of comets 5. Asteroids 6. Meteors /meteorite/meteroid

4.11 continued… The sun Done in outcome 4.10

4.11 continued… Terrestrial and Gaseous Planets To be a planet you must… orbit 1 or more stars be large enough so its gravity holds it in place be the only body in its orbital path Earth Venus Mercury Mars

Terrestrial Planets

Terrestrial Planet…Mercury Closest to the sun Smallest planet Extreme difference between temperatures for day and night (4000C to -1830C)

Terrestrial Planets…Venus Earth’s sister planet because of similar size and composition Atmosphere mostly CO2 Very thick cloud made up of sulphuric acid rain Radar probe showed surface to have volcanoes, lava flows and areas that are flat

Terrestrial planet…Earth Home to only known life Suitable temperature and atmosphere for life Water in all 3 phases Tectonic activity, running water and atmospheric conditions shape surface

Terrestrial Planet…Mars “Red Planet” because of large amounts of iron in surface Large volcano and dust storms Two polar ice caps made of CO2 and water Rover Volcano 3x larger than Mt. Everest Two moons

Gaseous (Outer or Jovian) Planets

Jupiter Largest planet in solar system Giant Red Spot..raging storms Shortest day… 10 hours 16-63 moons Four large moons Io with erupting volcanoes

Giant Red Spot

Jupiter’s Galilean moons

Io’s Active Volcano

Saturn Composed mainly of hydrogen and helium Very large gas planet Highly visible rings Rings are formed from ice particles rather than chunks of rock

Saturn’s Satellites or moons 18 to 62 moons

Uranus Composition similar to Jupiter and Saturn Blue color from methane gas Flipped on its side and appears to be rolling through its orbit 27-32 moons

Neptune Outermost planet Similar composition to saturn Faint ring system 13 to 18 moons

Neptune Atmosphere… hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia Blue color from methane gas Dark blue spot seems to appear and disappear (possible storms)

4.11 continued…

4.11 continued… A Comparison of 3 dwarf planets and Earth, notice some have moons and some don’t

4.11 continued… COMETS “dirty snowballs” composed of ice, rock and gas Originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud

4.11 continued… Travel in long elliptical orbits around the sun Affected by the gravitational pulls of other planets

4.11 continued… Develop a long dust tail as sunlight starts to melt the ice Most famous is Halley’s comet which is visible every 76 years or so Sir Edmund Halley

4.12 Compare and contrast the composition of the four inner rocky (terrestrial) planets with the four outer gaseous (Jovian) planets. Check your notes and textbook

4.13 Explain why Pluto is now called a dwarf planet. See notes

4.14 Describe how Pluto differs from the other eight planets. See text and notes

4.15 Describe the composition of comets. See notes and text

4.16 Define periodicity as it relates to comets. "Period" is the amount of time it takes an object in orbit to return to its starting location. Comets travel in short and long periods around the sun in elliptical orbits

The elliptical orbit of Halley’s Comet

4.17 Compare and contrast asteroid, meteor, and meteorite. ASTEROIDS Small bodies believed to be the leftover remains of the formation of the Solar System Mostly found in an asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

4.17 continued… They have irregular shapes Range in size from a grain of sand up to 1000km An asteroid up to 1 km would devastate Earth

4.17 continued… Meteor meteoroid that burns up as it passes through Earths atmosphere seen as a shooting star

4.17 continued… Meteoroid Rocky chunks, broken off an asteroid or planet Floats through space

4.17 continued… Meteorite meteoroid that does not burn up fully in the Earths atmosphere hits the Earths surface

4.18 Define impact sites. A place where a relatively small object (meteorite) has collided with a larger object (planet) Circular depression in the surface of the larger object called an impact crater

Formation of craters Sept, 2007 Peru

4.19 Provide examples of how the Canadian Government and /or Canadian Space Agency are involved in research projects about space. Research and development into devices that are used in space. Selecting and educating astronauts for the space program Partnership in building the International Space Station http://www.spaceistheplace.ca/hist.html

4.20 List Canadian contributions and partnerships to space research and exploration. The Canadarm 1

4.20 continued… The International Space Station

4.20 continued… Canadian Space Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) or Canadarm 2

4.20 continued… Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) or Canadahand

4.21 Give examples of Canadian Astronauts. Marc Garneau First Canadian Astronaut in space in 1984 Flew three missions in space 1984…Challenger 1992…Endeavour 1999…Endeavour http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/space/topics/369/

4.21 continued… Roberta Bondar The first Canadian woman in space in 1992. Mission on the Discovery in 1992 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N61Bv9lknIc&feature=fvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvZAio0zgoA

4.21 continued… Chris Hadfield First Canadian to walk in space Two space missions: 1994…Atlantis 2001…Endeavour Appointment to Space Commander will become the first Canadian to command space station http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAgqX3K0zto http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3Wq1F6zXCM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GIhsj8Fk6U&feature=related

4.22 Describe the science underlying some technologies designed to explore space. Rockets System used to transport cargo and astronauts to space Contains explosive fuels to create THRUST Rockets do NOT require astronauts to be onboard

4.22 continued… Space Suits Suit used by astronauts Provides oxygen Communication system Cooling system System to simulate air pressure on Earth’s surface

4.22 continued… Orbiting Satellites Electronic devices in orbit around Earth Geosynchronous orbit…orbit is the same as Earth’s direction and speed. Stationary above a fixed point on Earth Remote Sensing…collecting information about Earth from satellites and aerial photographs

4.22 continued… Probes Space vehicle sent to other celestial bodies Fly past, orbit or land on celestial bodies Examples: New Horizons (2006) Voyager 1 and 2 (1970s)

4.22 continued… Rovers Probes that take the place of astronauts Perform test, send back information, and map surface of celestial bodies Examples: Spirit (Mars) Opportunity (Mars)

4.22 continued… Optical Telescope Use refracting and reflecting telescopes to explore space Disadvantages: Cloudy weather Air and light pollution Distortion caused by heat and atmosphere

4.22 continued… Radio Telescopes Collects wavelengths longer than light Radio signals are collected and focused on a receiver. Signals are converted into electric impulses that can be interpreted as data

Water on the Moon http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2009/jul/16/nasa-moon-landing http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nasa-moon-bombing-lcross-probe-lunar-ice/story?id=8775640 http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/water-moon-nasa-impact-probe/story?id=11939079 http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2009/jul/16/nasa-moon-landing http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nasa-moon-bombing-lcross-probe-lunar-ice/story?id=8775640 http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/water-moon-nasa-impact-probe/story?id=11939079