14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 1 Chapter 14 Fingerprints

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 2 History Alphonse ____________ –_________ police expert –First ______________ attempt at personal identification was Bertillion ____________ –Relied on a detailed ___________ of the subject –Combined with full length and profile photographs –System of precise body ___________ called anthropometry

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 3 History Francis ___________ –1892 –Classic textbook ___________ At Galton’s insistence –British government adopted __________ –Supplement to the bertillion system. Next step –Creation of ____________ systems –Capable of filing many thousands of __________ –Logical and searchable sequence.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 4 History Dr Juan Vucetich –Devised a classification system –Still used in most spanish-speaking countries Sir Edward Henry: system used in most English- speaking countries. Will _______ and William West case –1903 –Bertillion system could not ____________ between men –Fingerprinting that clearly distinguished them

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 5 History Fingerprinting used by the New York city civil service commission in 1901 Training of American police by Scotland yard representatives at the 1904 world’s fair

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 6 Fingerprint Principles Reproduction of friction skin ridges Palm side of the fingers & thumbs

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 7 Fingerprint Principles Individual characteristic –Because no two fingers with with identical ridge characteristics Remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime General ridge patterns that permit systematic classification

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 8 Principle One Individual Characteristic No Fingers Identical

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 9 Principle One Mathematical ______________ for existence of two identical fingerprint patterns in the world’s population = almost ____________ Millions upon millions of individuals who have had their prints classified –No two fingerprints have been found to be ___________

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 10 Figure 14–1 Fingerprint ridge characteristics. Courtesy Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories, Inc., Youngsville, N.C.,

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 11 Principle One ___________ of fingerprint not determined by its general shape or pattern Careful study of its ________ characteristics, known as minutiae. –Identity, number, and relative location –Individuality to a fingerprint. As many as _______ minutiae on the average finger

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 12 Principle One Three year study –“No valid basis exists for requiring a predetermined minimum number of friction ridge characters which must be present in two impressions in order to establish positive identification” Judicial proceeding –Expert must demonstrate a point-by- point comparison –To prove the identity of an individual

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 13 Figure 14–2 A fingerprint exhibit illustrating the matching ridge characteristics between the crime-scene print and an inked impression of one of the suspect’s fingers. Courtesy New Jersey State Police. Fingerprint Comparison

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 14 Principal Two Remains Unchanged During Lifetime

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 15 Principal Two Epidermis –_______layer of the skin Dermis –______layer of the skin Dermal papillae –Layer of cells _______ the epidermis and dermis –Responsible for determining the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 16 Principal Two Dermal papillae develop in the human fetus Ridge patterns will remain unchanged throughout life Enlarge during growth Fingerprint remains unchanged during lifetime

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 17 Principle Two Skin ridge is populated with pores leading to sweat glands Perspiration is deposited on the skin

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 18 Principle Two Finger touches a surface –Perspiration –Oils from hairy portions of the body –Transferred onto surface Leaves fingerprint

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 19 Principle Three Ridge Patterns Permit Systematic Classification

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 20 Principle Three All fingerprints –divided into three classes –Loops –Arches –whorls –L.A.W.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 21 Loop Patterns

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 22 Principle Three - Loops A loop must have one or more ridges entering from one side of the print, recurving, and exiting from the same side. –If the loop opens toward the little finger, it is called an ulnar loop. –If the loop opens toward the thumb, it is called a radial loop.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 23 Figure 14–5 Loop pattern. Principle Three - Loops

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 24 Principle Three - Loops Must have one _____ Ridge point at or directly in front of the point where two ridge lines (type lines) diverge

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 25 Whorls

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 26 Principle Three- Whorls Divided into ______ groups –Plain –Central pocket loop –Double loop –Accidental All have type lines and minimum of two deltas

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 27 Whorls Plain whorl and central pocket loop have at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit Double loop: two loops combined into one fingerprint Accidental –Two or more patterns –Or pattern not covered by the other categories

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 28 Plain Whorls More than 1 valid delta If you look at image A you should be able to identify the two delta's. If not then look at image B and you will see that they are displayed in the red boxes. Whorl: one or more ridges which make complete circuit Two delta's –Between which an imaginary line is drawn –At least one recurving ridge within the inner pattern area cut or touched.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 29 Plain Whorls

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 30 Whorls Inner area of the pattern forms circle or oval Specific ridges that are making or trying to make the circle –Imaginary line between the two delta's (the red line in image) –No lines that form the circle are intersected

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 31 Whorls

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 32 Arches

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 33 Principle Three - Arches Least common of general patterns –________ arches No lines that form the circle are intersected

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 34 Plain Arches Ridges entering from one side of the print Rising and falling Exiting on the opposite side Like a wave

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 35 Tented Arches Sharp upthrust or spike The ridges meet at an angle that is less than 90 degrees Arches do not have type lines, deltas, or cores

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 36 Primary Classification Based on knowledge of fingerprint pattern classes Fingers are paired up –One finger in the numerator of a fraction –Other in the denominator Presence or absence of the whorl pattern –Basis for the determination of the primary classification

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 37 Primary Classification _________ pattern –Any finger of the first pair value = 16 –On the second pair value = 8 –On the third pair value = 4 –On the second pair value = 2 –On the last pair value = 1 Any finger having a loop or arch value = 0

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 38 Primary Classification Values for all 10 fingers totaled 1 is added to both the numerator and denominator Fraction obtained is primary classification.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 39 Primary Classification 25 percent of the population –1/1 category –All fingers loops or arches Cannot in itself unequivocally identify an individual Provides the fingerprint examiner with a number of candidates

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 40 AFIS

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 41 AFIS Computer to scans, digitally encodes fingerprints Can be high-speed computer processed

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 42 AFIS AFIS aids in classifying and retrieving fingerprints –Converts image of a fingerprint into digital minutiae –Contain data showing ridges at their points of termination (ridge endings) and their branching into two ridges (bifurcations). Thousands of comparisons per second Produces a list of file prints to be examined by a trained fingerprint expert

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 43 Visible & Latent Prints

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 44 Latent Prints ____________ fingerprints Finger touches a surface Body perspiration and/or oils present Transferred to that surface Leaves impression Invisible to the eye

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 45 Visible Prints Fingers touch a surface after contact with a colored material such as blood, paint, grease, or ink _______ prints: left on a soft material, such as putty, wax, soap, or dust Little problem to the investigator Usually distinct and _______ to the eye.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 46 Detecting Prints

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 47 Detecting Prints Hard __________ surfaces –Glass, mirror, tile, painted wood –Developed by the application of a powder ________ surfaces –Papers, cardboard, and cloth –Require treatment with a chemical

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 48 Ninhydrin Reacts chemically with trace amounts of amino acids Produces a purple-blue color Messy and stains skin badly

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 49 Physical Developer Silver nitrate-based reagent Used when other chemical methods are ineffective Silver nitrate solution stain skin

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 50 Super Glue ® Nonporous surfaces –Metals, electrical tape, leather, plastic bags –Fumes from the glue adhere to the print –Produce ________ _______ print 98 to 99 percent cyanoacrylate ester Super Glue fuming –__________ chamber (for up to six hours) –Handheld wand that heats a small cartridge containing cyanoacrylate

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 51 Reflected UV Imaging System RUlVIS No chemicals or powder Locate With light source investigator develops the print in the most appropriate fashion

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 52 Figure 14–17 Schematic depicting latent-print detection with the aid of a laser. A fingerprint examiner, wearing safety goggles containing optical filters, examines the specimen being exposed to the laser light. The filter absorbs the laser light and permits the wavelengths at which latent-print residues fluoresce to pass through to the eyes of the wearer. Courtesy Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D.C.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 53 Powders Powders, available in a variety of colors, can be applied with a brush or _________ wand, and adhere to _____________ and/or body oils of the print.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 54 Iodine Fuming Molecular iodine solid at room temperature Heat _________ crystals Iodine vapors Combine with latent prints to make them visible –Iodine prints are not ___________ –Will fade –Must photograph the prints immediately

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 55 Fluorescence ________ sensitivity New chemical techniques used to visualize latent fingerprints Fingerprints treated with chemicals –Induce fluorescence when exposed to lasers –High-intensity light sources (“alternate light sources”) –Quartz halogen, xenon arc, or indium arc light sources.

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 56 Preservation of Prints _____________ latent print Permanently preserved –Future comparison –Possible use as court evidence _________ must be taken –Before any attempts at preservation

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 57 Transporting Prints small object: ________ in its entirety. large immovable objects –developed with a powder –“lift” with a broad adhesive tape. –tape placed on properly labeled card –good background contrast with the powder

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 58 Digital Imaging Picture converted into digital computer file Help of digital imaging software –Enhanced for the most accurate and comprehensive analysis Compare function –Two _________ side by side –Allows the examiner to chart the common features on both images simultaneously

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 59 Fingerprint Patterns

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 60 Taking Fingerprints

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 61 Summary

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 62

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 63

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 64

14- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein 65