Monday 12/2/2013 Homework: TODAY’S AGENDA: Notes: Introduction to the Big Bang Theory Homework: 1.

Introduction to the Big Bang Theory The Origin of the Universe

Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Universe: All existing matter, energy & space Astronomer who made several discoveries that provided clues for how our universe began: 1. Galaxies are “building blocks” of the universe. What’s the universe? Universe: All existing matter, energy & space 2. The Milky Way (Earth’s galaxy) was 1 galaxy among billions of others. What’s a galaxy? Galaxy: Is made up of a cluster of stars (solar systems). There are billions of galaxies within the universe. The galaxies are spreading apart from each other. How did he figure that out? Think about the Rubberband Lab…

The Big Bang Theory A scientific theory that states that the universe was created from a high density of matter (called a “singularity”) that expanded at very hot temperatures, shooting matter & energy everywhere. Eventually, the matter began to cool off & formed various galaxies.

Formation of the Universe One Scientific Theory – All matter & energy in the universe was concentrated in an EXTREMELY small volume 13-17 billion years ago, the BIG BANG occurred, propelling matter & energy in all directions universe expanded Gravity condensed (clumped) matter galaxies Still many questions remain about the beginning of the universe “The Big Bang”

What did Hubble (& many other astronomers & scientists) study? But how did Hubble conclude these things (right or wrong) about our universe? What did Hubble (& many other astronomers & scientists) study? STARS & the energy they give off!

The Heartbeat of a Star What are stars made of? What process is the “heartbeat” of a star? When this process begins, a star is born, & when this process stops, a star dies…

Nuclear Fusion A star is born when fusion begins in the star’s core (center) H + H à He Fusion is a reaction that combines 2 small nuclei (H) to form larger nuclei (He) The result is the release of a large amount of energy What are the 2 products (outcomes) of nuclear fusion? Larger nuclei (atom) LOTS of energy!

More Out-of-this-World Terms! So what’s the difference between… Comets: Chunks of frozen ice, gases & rocky debris traveling outside the Earth’s atmosphere Asteroids: Bodies of rock. The large collection of asteroids in our solar system located between Mars & Jupiter is called the Asteroid Belt Meteorites: Bodies of rock smaller than an asteroid, usually only meters in size

Tuesday 12/3/2013 Homework: TODAY’S AGENDA: Notes: Evidence of the Big Bang: EM Spectrum Homework: Wavestown Activity due Wed/Thursday 12/4-12/5/2013 for 25 Points

CERN Article & Video Clip Read through the short article about CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). DO NOT WRITE ON THE ARTICLE!!! When you are finished reading, in your next Warm-up box, write 3 words that summarize (sum up) what the article is about. CERN VIDEO: So how do astronomers know what’s going on inside the core of a star? http://www.ted.com/talks/brian_cox_on_cern_s_supercollider.html

Evidence for the Big Bang? 1920’s – Edwin Hubble At time of Big Bang, matter was SO dense & hot (billion degrees) that the universe acted like a GIANT nuclear reactor Hydrogen (H) atoms fused (nuclear fusion) to make light elements (helium (He), lithium (Li) creating billions of stars (in millions of galaxies) Discovered Andromeda Galaxy: galaxies exist outside our Milky Way Galaxies are moving apart & away from other galaxies

The Expansion of the Universe Hubble likened the moving away (expansion) of the galaxies from one another to cooking raisin bread… Each raisin represents a galaxy. When the bread is uncooked, the raisins float in the batter relatively close to one another. When heat is added, the bread itself expands, as well as the raisins within the bread move further apart from each other.

Evidence for the Big Bang Theory Light & Electromagnetic Radiation Doppler Effect (Doppler Shift)

Evidence for the Big Bang? The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1665: Isaac Newton observed sunlight (white light) passing through a glass prism produced a rainbow of colors = visible light spectrum

Electromagnetic Spectrum Article Take out 1 piece of blank paper & label it “Electromagnetic Spectrum Article Summary” NAME, DATE & PER in the top right! Read the following article making sure you keep in mind the key points You will be writing a one page summary over the reading! Make sure you put effort into this assignment, these are your notes! Name Per Date Electromagnetic Spectrum Article Summary Main Idea Sentence Pictures

Evidence for the Big Bang? The Electromagnetic Spectrum Visible Iight travels in the form of electromagnetic (EM) waves ROYGBIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) & white Visible light is SMALL portion of electromagnetic (EM) spectrum Radio waves Microwaves Infrared Ultraviolet rays X-rays Gamma rays Brain Pop: EM Spectrum http://www.brainpop.com/science/ energy/electromagneticspectrum/

The Electromagnetic Spectrum WAVELENGTH: Distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next wave Each form of radiation has a different wavelength What does a radiation’s wavelength tell us? How powerful (how much energy) the radiation is What kind of radiation it is

The Electromagnetic Spectrum Visible light: Red light = looooooooooooooongest, Violet light = shortest On the entire EM Spectrum, Radio waves: longest wavelength ~500 m (5  102 m) Visible light: middle ~.0000005 m (5  10-7 m) Gamma rays: shortest wavelength ~.000000000005 m (5  10-12 m)

Wavestown Activity For this assignment, you will be coloring and answering the questions on the back side. For the front side, once it is colored, you are to identify 5 examples of each energy in the picture. Place the number next to the item to identify which type of energy it radiates This is due Wednesday/Thursday 12/4- 12/5/2013 for 25 Points!!

Wednesday/Thursday 12/4-12/5 TODAY’S AGENDA: Notes: Evidence of the Big Bang: EM Spectrum http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=big+bang+theory Homework: Wavestown Activity due Wed/Thursday 12/4-12/5/2013 for 25 Points

Tuesday 12/3/2013 Homework: TODAY’S AGENDA: Notes: Evidence of the Big Bang: EM Spectrum Homework: Wavestown Activity due Wed/Thursday 12/4-12/5/2013 for 25 Points

Evidence for the Big Bang? Spectroscopy: study of stellar (star) spectra (colors) to find out chemical make-up of stars Every star has a unique spectra = fingerprint Heated chemical elements produce a “bright-line” spectrum Series of thin colored lines spaced at uneven intervals Each element makes a different spectrum

Evidence for the Big Bang? Spectroscope: instrument used to separate light into its component colors How it works: 1.Light reflects off of surface, like a mirror 2.Light diffracts (separates) different colors of light (like a prism) Scientists can tell the specific kinds (i.e., nationalities) & percentages (50% German, 30% African, 20% Native American) of each element a star is made from

Atoms make up each chemical element. When heated, atoms release a specific pattern of light energy (like in the birth of a star)! No 2 elements are the same!!! A star’s spectra = a fingerprint!

EM Spectrum REVIEW How does the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation change from gamma radiation to radio waves? Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum do human eyes detect (see)? The shorter the wavelength the greater the energy of a wave. Which has more energy, x-rays or microwaves?

EM Spectrum Quiz Write your NAME, PER, DATE on your EM Spectrum Quiz! Answer the following questions in 1 complete sentence! When finished, please turn your EM Spectrum Quiz in to the

EM Spectrum Quiz 1. What does EM stand for? 2. List the spectrum of radiatiuon from weakest to strongest 3. List the colors of the visible light spectrum from strongest to weakest 4. What radiation is the only form we can see with the naked eye? 5. Give an example of UV radiation 6. What does a long wavelength mean? Short wavelength? 7. A wavelength is defined as ________ to _________ on waves 8. Give an example of radiowaves

How does Radiation (energy) move? OK, so we understand that there are many different forms of EM energy (radiation) that stars (& other weird objects in the universe) give off… But can that energy move? How can we tell the energy is moving? Closer to us? Further from us? How do astronomers tell whether a galaxy (& the stars/energy) is moving toward or away from them (observer) on Earth? Look at how the wavelengths of energy change!

The Doppler Effect…sound waves In order to understand the Doppler Effect better, think about standing next to a train track. What does the train’s horn sound like when it is approaching toward you quickly? What does the train’s horn sound like when it is moving away from you quickly? http://paws.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/doppler/carhorn.wav

Evidence for the Big Bang? The Doppler Effect Occurs with starlight (visible light & other forms of EM radiation) in galaxies too!!! Scientists have observed galaxies moving away & apart from each other at high speeds (Rubberband Lab?) Light moving toward observer wavelengths of light appear shorter = “Blue Shift” Light moving away from observerwavelengths of light appear longer = “Red Shift”

Evidence for the Big Bang? The Doppler Effect Shift in wavelengths of energy (radiation or sound) moving toward or away from an observer = “Doppler Effect (Doppler Shift)” The spectra of most galaxies is moving toward the Red end = moving away from us (our galaxy) Degree of Red Shift = speed at which galaxies are traveling

Now make your Conclusions! http://paws.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/doppler/carhorn.wav Taking what you just experienced with the train noise & what we just talked about (Doppler Effect)…let’s reflect back to the…UNIVERSE! In your conclusion box, explain HOW astronomers study stars to understand the movement of galaxies (& what is going on in our universe). You MUST use the terms Doppler Effect & blue- or red-shift in your answer. Must be 15-20 sentences long When finished bring it up for a stamp!

Friday 12/6/2013 ANNOUNCEMENT: Please take out your notes and take a couple minutes to review!! Today’s Agenda Quiz: Energy and the Big Bang