MULTIMEDIA: Audio, Visual, and Video Technologies Teaching and Learning with Technology, 3/e. Lever-Duffy, J., McDonald, J., Mitzell, A., 2011

AUDIO AND VISUAL TECHNOLOGIES

Audio and Instruction Listening includes both hearing and comprehending audio Effective listening for learning includes Accurate hearing Focused listening Reinforcement to stimulate neural connections

Traditional Audio Media Audio Cassette Economic, durable, and easy-to-use Uses magnetic tape to record voice, music, and other sounds Can be used in centers, small groups, or large group instruction May be used for many projects –Talking books, multimedia kits, oral histories and journals are examples

Traditional Audio Media Broadcast Audio Received via radio or cable audio channels Enhances content with current events, music, and foreign language

Digital Audio Media Optical Media (CD-ROMs) Offer better clarity and greater storage capacity than traditional audio media Easier to directly access target audio for replay

Digital Audio Media Optical Media (CD-ROMs) With CD-Rs and CD-RWs you can also record audio Advantages: Durable Easy to handle Portable Variety of topics available

Digital Audio Media Internet Audio Instead of CD, you can download legally available audio in WAV and MP3 compressed formats Need software media players (typically free) for play back MP3 is gaining popularity because its files are smaller

Digital Audio Media MP3 Files Visualizations sometime displayed during audio playback MP3 players usually include recording and playback controls Typically music but may also include other audio elements

Digital Audio Media Internet Radio Using streaming media, radio stations offer simultaneously broadcast via the Web as well as the airwaves National and international stations outside the local area are now available via the Web Includes music, news and talk stations from around the world

Visual Communication Visual literacy The ability to correctly interpret visual signals Visual experiences in education designed to encourage visual literacy Awareness of effective visual design helps to impart visual literacy skills to students

Visual Communication

Visual Design Basics Visual design includes visual, text, and affective elements Visual - graphics, symbols, real objects, and organizational elements Text - aspects of text including fonts, spacing, color, and sizes Affective elements - visual components that can elicit responses from viewers

Visual Communication

Can you See the difference?

Visual Communication Non-Projected Visuals Real objects - objects brought into the classroom as a visual enhancement Models - 3-D representations of real objects or concepts Exhibits - displays or dioramas created to illustrate instructional concepts

Visual Communication Print Materials - commercial and teacher- made paper materials Graphics and Photos - pictorial images used to illustrate and clarify Support technologies include: Bulletin Boards, Flip Charts, Magnetic Boards, Chalk Boards, White Boards and Electronic White Boards

Traditional Visual Media Technologies for Projected Visuals Overhead Projectors shine light through transparencies for large group projection of the images Transparencies can be, drawn, printed with ink jet or laser printers, or copied

Traditional Visual Media Commercial transparencies are frequently available with texts Transparencies can also be created with common software such as word processors or desktop publisher Be sure to select the right transparency film for your printer (laser or ink jet) to avoid damaging your printer

Traditional Visual Media Advantages Allows teacher to maintain eye contact Longevity of images Enable teacher to build concepts with overlays Easy to use and create

Non- Traditional Visual Media Digital Projectors Used to project digital images from computers, digital cameras, and photo CDs Allows for large group display of anything digital May also be able to display analog output from VCR

Non- Traditional Visual Media Document Cameras Video camera mounted on a stand that captures and displays video images May use a monitor or digital projector for display Can zoom in on a real time demonstration or small objects

Multimedia in Instruction Multimedia: Combination of multiple visuals and audio media into a single integrated whole Typically stored on a CD-ROM with hyperlinks between the elements Should be carefully evaluated for good design and appropriate and meaningful audio and visual elements

VIDEO TECHNOLOGIES

Video in Teaching and Learning Motion Video Whether traditional or digital, can bring content to life. Brings distant, imaginary, or simulated places into the classroom Brings history to life Reinforces instruction

Video in Teaching and Learning Motion video can also Disengage learners Encourage passive learning Educators are challenged to find effective ways to integrate video into instruction

Video in Teaching and Learning Video History Movies were first used in schools in 1911 Television joined movies as an instructional tool in the 1950’s Video tape became available in the 1980’s Today, there is digital video (on DVD and the Net)

Traditional Video Technologies Broadcast Video Television images delivered via terrestrial and satellite equipment Programs are uplinked to satellite and then downlinked to receivers

Traditional Video Technologies Broadcast Video Commercial TV and educational TV (PBS) offer educational programming Local learning channels offer targeted educational programming

Traditional Video Technologies Broadcast Video Programs typically high-quality, high-cost productions Synchronous nature of TV difficult to use in time-restrictive classrooms Time limitations may be overcome by recording broadcasts if copyright permits

Traditional Video Technologies Narrowcast Video Video signals targeted to a specific audience Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS) is a terrestrial system Distributed via microwave from broadcast locations to schools

Traditional Video Technologies Narrowcast Video Require line-of-sight to transmit-- may not be possible in some districts Dedicated video network for a district so programs can be offered multiple times each day Can target very specific district instructional needs

Traditional Video Technologies Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) Television signals received by a school then distributed internally via CCTV CCTV can also be used for sharing in- school video productions by students Can also be used to distribute recorded broadcast or live ITFS programs

Traditional Video Technologies Cablecast Video Cable TV companies typically offer a channel for schools or public use Cable may be connected to the schools CCTV system Quality cable television shows (CNN, Discovery, Learning Channel) can be easily incorporated into classroom instruction

Traditional Video Technologies Video Distribution Systems in Schools

Traditional Video Technologies Recorded Video This asynchronous format is the format of choice for schools Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs) playback video recorded on VHS tape Tapes may pre-record programs that occurred at inconvenient times

Traditional Video Technologies Recorded Video Tapes may be commercially prepared Playback, copyright permitting, can be easily scheduled into classroom time Monitors provide viewing from all parts of the classroom

Traditional Video Technologies Recorded Video Most digital projectors can accept VCR input for large group projection Camcorders (Camera-Recorders) can also record video images of a class or instructional activities for later VCR playback

Digital Video Technologies Digital Video Basics Digital video images allow for limitless editing Instructional annotation can be added to any frame Frames may be rearranged for better instructional emphasis

Digital Video Technologies Digital Video Basics Digital video can be added to many digital files –Presentations, web sites, etc. Full motion digital video files are very large –Three minutes of video require up to one gigabyte of storage

Digital Video Technologies Digital Video Basics Video compression helps remedy the file size problem Compressed files require video compression playback software –MS Media Player, Real Player, and Quick Time, etc. decompress and playback video

Digital Video Technologies Digital Video Basics AVI, MPEG, and MOV are the most popular compression formats today Players such as Real Player and Windows Media player can display all 3 formats Check your player to be sure they can handle your format before using it in your classroom

Digital Video Technologies

Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) DVDs can store up to 10.5 gigabytes of digital video on each side DVD storage also allows for frame-by- frame play back DVDs offer direct access to any frame or sequence DVD-Rs, which allow recording, are now on the market

Digital Video Technologies Digital Video Capture Analog video can be converted to digital via a video capture expansion card External jacks on the card allow analog video input from VCR, cable, etc.

Digital Video Technologies Digital Video Capture Card captures, compresses, and stores the video on the computer’s hard drive Video editing software makes it possible to edit captured video

Digital Video Technologies Digital Video Cameras Capture and store moving images as digital files rather than on tape Download the digital files to computer and manipulate with editing software Video clips can be played back on computer monitors or LCD projector Clips can also be inserted into , presentations, etc.

Digital Video Technologies Digital Video Editing Video editing requires dedicated hardware or software Editing hardware offers maximum editing capabilities but its expensive Editing software can run on a PC but typically lacks high-end editing features

Digital Video Technologies Compressed Video Systems (CVS) Live compressed video images are transmitted –Large files require significant bandwidth CVS are dedicated, often room-size systems –designed to use high-speed, broadband phone lines

Digital Video Technologies Compressed Video Systems (CVS) CVS include video cameras, monitors, microphones and codecs –Codecs are for compression- decompression CVS offer real-time, interactive live video interaction to all locations

Digital Video Technologies A Typically Configured Compressed Video System

Digital Video Technologies Internet Video - Broadcasts Live compressed video images can also be transmitted across the Net Internet broadcasts (webcasts) offer streaming video to shorten wait times Emerging compression technologies means interactive Net video will become more useful for schools

Digital Video Technologies Internet Video – Live Cams Live cameras connected to computers and logged into the Internet showing live digital video Many live cams are focused on subjects of educational interest Students can view live cams by visiting the live cam website

Digital Video Technologies Internet Video – Net Meetings Live digital video across the Net used for virtual meetings In addition to video, meeting software may include shared work space, a shared virtual electronic whiteboard, and chats Educators can adapt meeting software for class collaboration around the globe

Video in Teaching and Learning Videos in any format remain an invaluable teaching tool Video can –Alter time through slow-motion replays or time-lapse photography –Simulate historical or future events

Video in Teaching and Learning Video can alter space by visually transporting viewers to other locations Videos are not of equal quality –Must be fully reviewed and carefully evaluated before use

Video in Teaching and Learning Creating Videos Teacher and student-made videos offer creative learning opportunities and result in useful instructional materials When creating videos Storyboard to prepare for recording Plan to use the full potential of motion

Video in Teaching and Learning Tips for Creating Successful Videos

Video in Teaching and Learning Caveats when Creating Videos Parental permission required when images of students are used Be aware of district guidelines for video taping Copyright laws always apply

Video in Teaching and Learning Implementing Video Preview the entire video before showing Prepare for showing by Checking equipment Checking the environment (lighting, sound, seating) for viewing

Video in Teaching and Learning Implementing Video Engage the learner Review concepts and discuss objectives Use a video study guide Be ready to pause the video for discussions

Video in Teaching and Learning Implementing Video Be aware of both factual and emotional content Anticipate possible student reactions Provide preliminary and post video discussion time Watch reactions