NAST-IER NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed July 10-11, 2003 NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA Stephen A. Mango Chief Scientist NPOESS Integrated Program Office National Polar-orbiting Environmental Operational Satellite System (NPOESS)

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM Why this Meeting ?

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NPOESS Needs an Airborne Sounding - Testbed for Risk Reduction - Calibration/Validation System i.e. a NAST !!! Needs a NAST for the Duration of the Program (~2025) to accomplish Cal/Val Requirements !!! [to help accomplish Pre-Launch Risk Reduction/Verification of Concepts and the Post-Launch immediate intensive Cal/Val activities, the intermittent and the sustaining Cal/Val activities throughout the mission] Present NAST System -Probably CAN NOT -Realistically SHOULD NOT “make it through” 2025 !!!

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed [NAST] OBJECTIVES Simulate Candidate Spaceborne Instruments - (CrIS, ATMS, IASI) Evaluate Key EDR Algorithms Preview High Resolution Products (Spectral & Spatial) Under Flight Calibration/Validation INSTRUMENTS [NAST-I & NAST-M] NAST-I: IR Interferometer [FTS] Sounder NAST-M: Microwave Sounder* Co-Boresighted IR and Microwave IR Interferometer [FTS] Sounder 3.5 – 16 µm -High Spectral Resolution (1000 < du / u < 2000) -High Sensitivity in a cold scene 0.10 K 14.9 µm (250K) 0.15 K 8.2 µm (250K) 0.20 K 4.7 µm (250K) Microwave Sounder [3 Bands, 16 Channels] 54, 118, 183 GHz NAST on ER-2 20 km ALTITUDE NADIR 2.6 km IFOV ± 23 km GROUND COVERAGE ± 48 o Scan *Hurricane Bonnie Cross-Section

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM DMSP POES NPOESS DMSP/POES to NPOESS Convergence / Evolution of Satellite Systems

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NPOESS Preparatory [NPP] “Bridge from EOS to NPOESS” NPOESS Preparatory Project [NPP] “Bridge from EOS to NPOESS” NPP NPOESS EOS AQUALTAN 1330 “Bridges EOS & NPOESS Climate Measurement Missions”

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM CY Local Equatorial Crossing Time Deliveries As of: 15 DEC 2002 Satellite Transition Schedule POES/DMSP/WindSat/Terra/Aqua/NPP/NPOESS FY POES EOS-Aqua NPOESS C2 N’ N 16 Earliest Availability 0530 DMSP NPOESS C3 F20 NPOESS DMSP POES EOS-Terra METOP NPOESS F16 17 F17 F19 F15 F18 C1 C4 C5 C6 Most probable launch date Earliest Probable Launch Date(s) WindSat/Coriolis  Year Mission Life  NPP FY04 President’s Budget National Launch Forecast Slopes indicate 10-90% need CVWG EB – Meeting 6/12/03 Slopes indicate 10-90% need) - - Slopes indicate 10-90% need) - - Projected End of Life based on 50% Need

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NPOESS Status/Overview Contract was awarded on August 23, 2002 to TRW (now Northrop Grumman ST) for $4.5B Contract consists of: -6 satellites (3 Orbits-one satellite + a replacement /orbit) -Taking over all government instrument contracts -Buying all “leveraged” instruments -Integrating GFE instruments (ADCS and SARSAT) -Building and deploying all ground systems C3 and data retrieval Data processing hardware and software -Software for worldwide users Operating system through IOC (2011) -with option to 2019 ~ yr Lifetime = ~ 2025

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM CMIS - μwave imager/sounder VIIRS - vis/IR imager CrIS - IR sounder ATMS - μwave sounder OMPS - ozone mapper/profiler GPSOS - GPS occultation ADCS - data collection SESS - space environment APS - aerosol polarimeter SARSAT - search & rescue TSIS - solar irradiance ERBS - Earth radiation budget ALT - altimeter NPOESS Satellite System Single satellite design with common sensor locations CMIS VIIRS CrIS ATMS ERBS OMPS NPOESS 1330 LAN Configuration VIIRS X X X CMIS X X X CrIS X X ATMS X X SESS X GPSOS X OMPS X ADCS X X SARSAT X X X ERBS X SS X X X ALT X TSIS X

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NPOESS Single Satellite Solution Common spacecraft design for all three planes Common sensors in the same place for efficient integration and re-configuration 1330 LTAN 1730 LTAN2130 LTAN Sun

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM Satellite has room for growth, but considerations are needed for FOV, area, etc. = Available real estate +X s/c (VELOCITY ) SESS EUV LIMB IMAGER +Y s/c (ANTI-SUN) GPSOS GVA VIIRS SESS UV DISK IMAGER ATMS CrIS HRD ANTENNA OMPS CMIS SESS BEACON SS ADCS ANTENNA - TX ERBS SESS LEPS TSIS SARSAT/ADCS ANTENNA - RX SMD ANTENNA SS LRD ANTENNA SARSAT ANTENNA - TX APS NADIR S-BAND ATMS CrIS +X s/c (VELOCITY) +X s/c (VELOCITY) +Y s/c (ANTI-SUN) +Y s/c (ANTI-SUN) 1.8m 2 (19ft 2 ) 1.8m 2 (19ft 2 ) 3.5m 2 (38ft 2 ) GPSOS GAVA NPOESS Satellite

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM Environmental Data Records (EDRs) with Key Performance Parameters Cloud Top Pressure Cloud Top Temperature Downward Longwave Radiance (Sfc) Downward Shortwave Radiance(Sfc) Electric Field Electron Density Profile Energetic Ions Geomagnetic Field Ice Surface Temperature In-situ Plasma Fluctuations In-situ Plasma Temperature Ionospheric Scintillation Medium Energy Charged Particles Land Surface Temperature Net Heat Flux Net Solar Radiation (TOA) Neutral Density Profile Color/Chlorophyll Ocean Wave Characteristics Outgoing Longwave Radiation (TOA) Ozone - Total Column/Profile Precipitable Water Precipitation Type/Rate Pressure (Surface/Profile) Sea Ice Characterization Sea Surface Height/Topography Snow Cover/Depth Solar Irradiance Supra-Thermal-Auroral Particles Surface Type Wind Stress Suspended Matter Total Water Content Vegetation Index Atmospheric Vertical Moisture Profile Atmospheric Vertical Temp Profile Imagery Sea Surface Temperature Sea Surface Winds Soil Moisture Aerosol Optical Thickness Aerosol Particle Size Aerosol Refractive Index Albedo (Surface) Auroral Boundary Auroral Energy Deposition Auroral Imagery Cloud Base Height Cloud Cover/Layers Cloud Effective Particle Size Cloud Ice Water Path Cloud Liquid Water Cloud Optical Thickness Cloud Particle Size/Distribution Cloud Top Height NPOESS/NPP Data Products Raw Data Records (RDRs) Similar to Level 1A for CEOS/NASA. ~ 150 giga bytes per day (similar to Terra or Aqua). Sensor Data Records (SDRs) Similar to CEOS/NASA Level 1B Environmental Data Records (EDRs) Similar to CEOS/NASA Level 2. NPP Provides 25 of 55 NPOESS EDRs. VIIRS OMPS CrIS/ATMS CMISSESGPSOSERBS TSIS ALT Flight on NPP Flight on NPOESS 12 Mbps3 Mbps VIIRS (23) CMIS (19) CrIS/ATMS (3) OMPS (1) SES (13) GPSOS (2) ERBS (5) TSIS (1) ALTIMETER (3) APS (4) APS

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM “NAST” Multiplicities What is done for NAST/NAST-IER must be Mission-Driven -Must plan NAST Missions to be able to consider NAST-IER -Not necessarily a “Zero-Sum Gain” i.e., NAST Missions plus NAST-IER Development /Missions not necessarily a “constant” # Sounders # Platforms # Complements of Other Sensors # Complements of Other Sensors Issues, $ XX =

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM Possible NAST-IER Scenario Ready for NPP Launch (~ early 2007) Necessary Steps in NAST-IER Development/Shakedown Implies 4 years of FY Funding, FY04-FY07, at best What Missions must be accomplished with present system during this 4-year period ??????? (consistent with “Mission Driven Principle”)

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NPOESS/NPP Airborne Calibration and Science Validation Program CY: Wallops 98 CAMEX-3 Wintex Wallops99 Cloud-IOP/ Terra Cal-Val & CART WV-IOP NPP (CrIS, ATMS, VIIRS) NPOESS (CrIS, ATMS, VIIRS) Key: - past field missions - near term field missions - candidate future field missions - space-based sensors to be validated CAMEX-4 / Pre-CRYSTAL CRYSTAL EOS-Terra (AM) (CERES, MODIS, MOPITT) EOS-Aqua(PM) (AIRS, AMSU, CERES, MODIS) Satellite Under Flights of Opportunity METOP (AMSU, GOME, HIRS, IASI, MHS) CHEM(HIRDLS, MLS, OMI, TES) ER-2 Proteus EO-3 GIFTS PICASSO-CENA CloudSat NPP Calibration & Science Validation [IPO, NASA, NOAA, DoD, DOE, NSF] ?????

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NAST-I or S-HIS : Scanning Michelson Interferometer “for CrIS” 9000 or 4500 Spectral Channels: 3.5 – 16, or 25, microns “for CrIS” 45 km swath (2.5 km nadir resolution from 65 kft) NAST-M : 16 Channel Microwave Spectrometer “for ATMS” GHz, , 183 GHz ( microns) “for ATMS” 65 km continuous swath (2.5 km resolution from 65 kft) MIR: Millimeter Imaging Radiometer “for ATMS” 6 Spectral Channels (89, 150, 184, 186, 190, 220 Ghz) “for ATMS” Spatially Scanning ( 50 km Swath/1.2 km nadir res. from 65 kft) AMPR : Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer “for ATMS/CrIS” 4 Channels (10.7, 19.35, 37.1, 85.5 GHz) “for ATMS/CrIS” Spatially Scanning ( 30 Km Swath/ km res. From 65 kft) MAS : MODIS Airborne Simulator “for VIIRS” 50 Spectral Channels (0.55 – 14.2 Microns); 25 SW, 25 IR “for VIIRS” Spatially Scanning ( 40 km Swath/50 m res. from 65 kft) CLS : Cloud LIDAR System “for Sounders, Clouds & 2 Spectral Channels (0.532 and Microns) “for Sounders, Clouds & Aerosols” Nadir Viewing (20 m horizontal resolution from 65 kft) Aerosols” NPOESS/NPP Calibration & Science Validation [Nominal ER-2 Payloads]

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NPP Calibration & Science Validation on Proteus Performance: Ceiling Kft (50.5Kft demonstrated to date) Airspeed 300 ktas Endurance 22 hrs (15.8 hrs demonstrated to date) Operating Altitude: 100 to ft (Can Profile) Maximum Payload: Maximum Payload: > 4500 lbs Runway Required Runway Required: 3000 ft by 50 ft Seats Seats: pilot, co-pilot, and scientist / sensor operator; cabin pressurized to 7000 ft NAST-I : Scanning Michelson Interferometer microns (spectral resolution = 0.25 cm -1 ) 45 km 13 element swath (2.5 km resolution from 65 Kft) NAST-M : 16 Channel Microwave Spectrometer GHz and GHz ( microns) 65 km continuous swath (2.5 km resolution from 65 Kft) FIRSC : Far Infrared Michelson Interferometer Far IR ( microns & cm -1 ) Nadir along track viewing ( 1.0 km resolution from 65 Kft) MicroMaps : Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer 4.6 micron, CO profiling Nadir along track viewing ( 1.0 km resolution from 65 Kft)

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM NAST-I Vs Raob, AERI/GOES, Raman LIDAR

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM Strawman NAST-IER Mid-IR Requirements Spectral Limits (SL):  3.5 to  15  m Spectral Resolution (SR): Selectable from  0.25 to 1.25 cm-1 Field of Regard (FOR):  2 km from 20 km flight altitude Ground Resolution (GR): Contiguous at  500 meters from 20 km flight altitude within a single FOR Cross-track Scan Coverage (CTSC): Selectable from 2.0 km to  20 km, depending on spectral resolution, from 20 km flight altitude for an aircraft speed of 400 kts Along-track Scan Coverage (ATSC): FOR contiguity at 20 km for an aircraft speed of 400 kts Noise Equivalent Temperature (NedT): Spectrally random brightness temperature error  0.25 cm-1 spectral resolution within the spectral range of 4.5 to 14  m for a scene temperature of  260 K. Absolute Error (AE): Absolute brightness temperature error  0.5K within the spectral range of 4.5 to 14  m for scene temperatures within the K range.

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM Strawman NAST-IER Mid-IR Requirements (cont.) Scan Angle Coverag (SAC): Selectable over a range from Zenith (180  ) to Horizontal (at either + or - 90  ) to any combination of a set of viewing angle steps which together provide contiguous coverage over a range from  50 degrees about Nadir (0  ). Calibration Sources: Warm Blackbody, Ambient Blackbody, Zenith Sky View Lifetime:  10 years through parts replacement over time Design type: Modular to allow for detector, spatial and spectral resolution, and data system upgrades as technology matures throughout the lifetime of the NASTER Operational Requirements: Command Uplink/Data Downlink via over-the-horizon communications Aircraft Compatibility: ER-2 (20 km), Proteus (17 km), Global Hawk (20 km), WB-57 (18 km), and, if feasible, the new SCI space plane “Spaceship 1” (55 km).

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM Sensor Specifications/Requirements [Spectral, Spatial, Temporal, etc] CrISNAST-INAST-IERS-HIS Reqt 1 Reqt 2 Reqt 3 … Reqt N

N ATIONAL P OLAR-ORBITING O PERATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL S ATELLITE S YSTEM “ Let the Discussion Begin ”