Homeostasis Galena Park High School A&P Instructor: Terry E. Jones

A. Blood Glucose Homeostasis 1. Normal Level- 100mg/dl 2. Sensors determine high or low and send info to the pancreas 3. Pancreas releases one of two enzymes depending on conditions Galena Park High School A&P

4. High sugar- Insulin released a. Insulin stimulates cells to take up glucose b. Stimulates the lived to converts glucose to glycogen Galena Park High School A&P

5. Low sugar- Glycagon released a. Glycagon stimulates the liver to convert gylcogen to glucose and release it into the blood Galena Park High School A&P

Pancreas High Blood Sugar Glucagon Insulin Low Blood Sugar Lowers Blood Sugar Raises Blood SuarRaises Blood Sugar Liver GluocseGlucogen Promotes insulin release Promotes glucagon release Stimulates glucose uptake from blood Stimulates glucogen breakdown Stimulates glucogen formation Blood Glucose Homeostasis

Summary of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Summary of Lipid Metabolism

Summary of Protein Metabolism

B. Body Temperature Regulation 1. Basal Metabolism Controlled by the hypothalamus 2. Normal Temp is 37 Degrees C 3. Hypothalamus senses body temperature changes Galena Park High School A&P

4. Temp too high a. Hypothalamus send signals that open the sweat glands b. Sends a signal for blood vessels to dilate or relax c. Both aid in cooling the body Galena Park High School A&P

5. Temp too low a. Hypothalamus send signals that close the sweat glands b. Sends a signal for blood vessels to constrict c. If needed, muscles begin contraction to create heat Galena Park High School A&P

Hypothalamus Set Point 37.0 degrees C Body Temperature Rises Body Temperature Drops Body Temperature Returns to Normal Body Heat Lost to Surroundings Body Heat is Conserved Sweat Glands Close Vessels Constrict If needed, Muscles Begin Contracting Sweat Glands Open Blood Vessels Dilate Temperature Homeostasis Temperature Imbalance

C. Homeostatic Imbalances 1. Heat Stroke a. Body cooling is ineffective b. Positive feedback results making the body even hotter c. Ice baths and hydration required to bring temp down Galena Park High School A&P

2. Heat exhaustion a. Body over heats due to over exercising b. Low blood pressure causes a collapse c. Temp regulation still working Galena Park High School A&P

d. Body needs to be cooled over, not necessarily an ice bath b. Lots of water to rehydrate 3.Fever a. Controlled body temp increase b. Due to infections Galena Park High School A&P

c. Body resets the basal temp higher to promote: 1. Death of bacteria 2. Healing process stimulated by heat 3. Dangerous if reset too high 4. Returns to normal when the body’s immune system takes over Galena Park High School A&P

3. Obesity a. Major U.S. health problem b. Contributes to heart disease, diabetes, eating disorders, and cancers c. Body mass index (BMI) Galena Park High School A&P

3. BMI Calculation 1. Weight times Divide by the square of your height 330 x 750 / 70 2 = /4900 = Over 30 considered obese Galena Park High School A&P

4. Diets 1. The only one that works is a health diet 2. Weight can be lost on any diet 3. The key is the number of calories Galena Park High School A&P

4. Facts: a. Calories in = calories out No gain or Loss b. Calories in > than calories out Weight Gain c. Calories in< than calorie out Weight Loss Galena Park High School A&P

5. Theories on why we eat too much a. Set Point Theory 1. Bodies get used to a set point of calories and make adjustments to our metabolism to maintain this set point Galena Park High School A&P

b. Fuel Efficiency Theory 1. Obese people are more efficient at taking up fats and storing them than others. 2. Some obese people eat less than thin people and still gain weight. Galena Park High School A&P

c. Genetic Theory 1. Some people inherit genes which lead to obesity more easily than others. 2. Since everything we are is determined by our genetic code, our diet problems are effected by genes also. Galena Park High School A&P

6. Safe Weight Loss Ideas a. Exercise depresses the appetite. b. Inactivity increases appetite. c. Burn more calories than you take in. Keep track. d. Eat healthy, well balanced foods Galena Park High School A&P

e. Cut back on the amount of fats consumed. f. Exercise regularly. g. Change of lifestyle to reflect the above items. Galena Park High School A&P

7. Risky Weight Loss Ideas a. Stomach Surgery 1. Reduces size of stomach 2. Risk: Infections and complications b. Limited Items Diet 1. Not well balanced 2. Risk: Nutrient deficiencies that lead to medical conditions Galena Park High School A&P

c. Liposuction 1. Removes the fat tissue 2. Risk: Infections and complications 3. Fat cells elsewhere begin to fill with fat leaving a bumpy, lumpy appearance Galena Park High School A&P