Auguste Comte Jan 17, French philosopher Founder of term Sociology (1st to use term) Use Scientific Method to discover problems & find solutions Practiced “cerebral hygiene” (transcendental flossing) Coined "altruism" to refer toaltruism moral obligation of individuals to serve others Photo

Harriet Martineau English ( ) Translated A. Comte’s work into English Concerned with social change women/children in English factories during the early phases of industrialization First acknowledged, female sociologist Examined emerging American society (c 1834)

Sociological Imagination C. Wright Mills ( ) definition Ability to understand relationship between what is happening in people’s personal lives & social forces that surround them Textbook page 21

Suspending Judgement Key attitude in study of society isKey attitude in study of society is research approach called research approach called cultural relativism In contrast, this views other cultures & societies from point of view of one’s own values and beliefs - otherwise known as ethnocentrism In contrast, this views other cultures & societies from point of view of one’s own values and beliefs - otherwise known as ethnocentrism

The Sociological Perspectives The Structural/Functional Perspective The Conflict Perspective Symbolic/Interactionist Perspective

Sociological Theories of Study Functionalism /StructuralismFunctionalism /Structuralism Social Conflict TheorySocial Conflict Theory Symbolic InteractionismSymbolic Interactionism Gender Theory (Feminist Theory)Gender Theory (Feminist Theory)

Functionalism Social groups and society are viewed as “living organisms”Social groups and society are viewed as “living organisms” groups and group processes are studied as parts of a functioning wholegroups and group processes are studied as parts of a functioning whole behaviors of society may have obvious (manifest) functions or “hidden” (latent) functionsbehaviors of society may have obvious (manifest) functions or “hidden” (latent) functions

Functionalism: Emile Durkheim French SociologistFrench Sociologist A “father of modern sociology”A “father of modern sociology” Taught 1st sociology classTaught 1st sociology class Believed heavily in researchBelieved heavily in research Major writings dealt withMajor writings dealt with –nature of social order & social change –suicide, methodology, religion, education, knowledge, morality

Conflict Theory Society consists of different groups (classes) who struggle with one another to attain the scarce societal resources that are considered valuable Limited resources creates conflict among groups –wealth, power, prestige, opportunities Karl Marx Max Weber Macro theory Reaction to Functionalism Polish Proverb Under capitalism man exploits man; under socialism the reverse is true.

Social Conflict Theory:Marx Karl Marx ( )Karl Marx ( ) Society built out of conflicting interests ofSociety built out of conflicting interests of “owner class” and “working class” “owner class” and “working class” Ensuing struggle between classes leads to classless societyEnsuing struggle between classes leads to classless society Developed idea of Communism (Dialete Theory) Lived during beginnings of “Capitalistic Society”

Max Weber –science should aim for interpretive understanding of social behavior to explain causes and effects. –agreed with Marx except on economic determinism Economics alone not enough to explain society Religion is changing force Verstehen: placing yourself in that person’s place/ seeing it through their eyes

Herbert Spencer Social Darwinism in evolving societies only successful individuals & institutions survive; best known for coining term survival of the fittest Social Realism society like living organism social change occurred through problems therefore no attempt to resolve problem should be taken Agnosticism practiced agnosticism, impossible for us to have knowledge of God

Symbolic Interactionism “Symbols” are basis of social life“Symbols” are basis of social life Individuals and societies develop through people’s interaction through symbolsIndividuals and societies develop through people’s interaction through symbols Individuals develop sense of themselves as they learn to use symbolsIndividuals develop sense of themselves as they learn to use symbols Individuals develop sense of themselves as they learn to see themselves way they believe others see themIndividuals develop sense of themselves as they learn to see themselves way they believe others see them (Pygmalion Effect, Self-fulfilling Prophecy) (Pygmalion Effect, Self-fulfilling Prophecy)

1st American Theorist George Herbert Mead Symbolic Interactionism Micro Focuses on everyday social interactions among individuals based on shared meanings of symbols used in interactions. Our ability to think allows us to communicate with symbols having shared meaning. (February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931)February April

MEAD’S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES Egocentric reality (inability to take role of other) Ability to take role of other (e.g., imitation) Ability to take role of several others simultaneously (e.g., playing games) Ability to conceptualize view of society, its cultural norms and values (generalized other) George Mead’s Developmental Stages

Charles Horton Cooley ( ) Concept of "looking glass self" Other people's views build, change and maintain our self-image "There is nothing less to our credit than our neglect of the foreigner and his children, unless it be the arrogance most of us betray when we set out to 'Americanize' him." –Charles Horton Cooley

1. Imagination of how our appearance, friends, manners, and presentation of self are seen by others. 2. Perception of others’ judgements of us. 3.Resulting feelings about self (e.g., pride, embarrassment, humiliation). THE THREE ELEMENTS OF THE “LOOKING GLASS SELF” ACCORDING TO COOLEY Three Elements of Looking Glass Self

Jane Addams (American) ( ) Won first Nobel Peace Prize (1931) given to US woman Founded Chicago Hull House for poor Influenced “Chicago School” of applied sociology Pioneered study of social problems Worked with George Mead Member of NAACP, Women’s International League for Peace, & Woman’s Suffrage

W. E. B. DuBois (American) ( ) First Negro PhD graduate of Harvard University Concerned with social position of Negroes in US Wrote The Philadelphia Negro (1899) on race relations Used statistics to examine discrimination against blacks February 23 “The cost of liberty is less than the price of repression.”

Robert K. Merton (American) ( ) Taught at Columbia University Sought to bridge European “grand” theories & research style Structural/Functionalist Key concepts: manifest & latent functions, “Strain Theory” of deviance, dysfunctions Problem is not created by sudden social change, as Durkheim proposed, but rather by social structure that holds same goals to all members without giving them equal means to achieve them “Strain Theory”