Scientific goals of Phobos samples laboratory studies (Phobos-soil program) Eric M. Galimov, Yuri A. Kostitsyn V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI) RAS 13 October 2010

Phobos and Mars Data from Phobos-2 SC, 1989 Phobos image from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter space craft, 23 March 2008 What do we know about Phobos? 27×22×19 km mass 1.082×10 14 g spec.gravity ~1.85 g/cm 3

Our questions to Phobos NASA Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars?

Oxygen isotopic composition of Moon and Earth is the same in terms of  17 O value. Moon data scatters along Terrestrial Fractionation Line (TFL) with a slope ≈0.52 Martian meteorites data (SNC) are located above TFL by 0.3‰ of  17 O CAI and carbonaceous chondrites data are scattered along line with a slope ≈1 Are Phobos and Mars identical in oxygen isotopic composition?

SIMS Cameca O/ 17 O/ 16 O: 1 = 0.05 ‰ for spot size ~15 

It is very likely, that SNC- meteorites (Shergottites, Nakhlites and Shassignites) – are samples of Martian magmatic rocks Yu.A.Shukoliukov, 1991 M gas /M body

Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI?

T=4.56 Ga Sm/Nd= Sm  143 Nd Kostitsyn, 2004

M.Boyet, R.W.Carlson. Science Vol.309. P Sm  142 Nd Chondrites: Sm/Nd=0.325 ( Jacobsen&Wasserburg, 1980 ) Earth: Sm/Nd=0.350 ( Kostitsyn, 2004 ) SNC: Sm/Nd≈0.340 ( Caro et al., 2008 ) Phobos: Sm/Nd = ?

Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? Does it contain some relict components?

Birck, 2004 Ca Ti CrNi Isotopic anomalies in the earliest minerals – Ca-Al inclusions (CAI) of Allende chondrite

Isotopic anomalies in SiC and graphite grains of carbonaceous chondrite Murchison (CM2) Mo Xe BaNd Birck, 2004

Cameca Nano-SIMS 50L 18 O/ 17 O/ 16 O: 1 = 0.5 – 1.5 ‰ For spot 10 × 10  Minimal spot size 50 × 50 nm

Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material?

Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? Events chronology on Phobos: Long-living (Sm- Nd, U-Pb, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, Lu-Hf, Re-Os) and short- living isotopic systems Events chronology on Phobos: Long-living (Sm- Nd, U-Pb, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, Lu-Hf, Re-Os) and short- living isotopic systems

Short-living nuclides in the Sun system ParentDaughter T 1/2, Ma Initial ratios Source 10 Be 10 B Be/ 9 Be=9×10 − 4 McKeegan et al Al 26 Mg Al/ 27 Al=5.1×10 − 5 Lee et al Ca 41 K Ca/ 40 Ca=1.4×10 − 8 Sahijpal et al Mn 53 Cr Mn/ 55 Mn=4.4×10 − 5 Birck and Allegre Fe 60 Ni Fe/ 56 Fe≈1.5×10 − 6 Birck and Lugmair Nb 92 Zr Nb/ 93 Nb≈1×10 − 5 Schönbächler et al Pd 107 Ag Pd/ 108 Pd=2.4×10 − 5 Chen and Wasserburg I 129 Xe I/ 127 I≈1×10 − 4 Reynolds Sm 142 Nd Sm/ 144 Sm≈0.005–0.015 Lugmair et al. 1983; Prinzhofer et al Hf 182 W Hf/ 180 Hf≈1×10 − 4 Yin et al Pu ,SF Pu/ 238 U≈0.004–0.007 Rowe and Kuroda 1965

53 Mn – 53 Cr Shukoliukov, Lugmair, 2004 (HED) (SNC) Phobos?

Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? Events chronology on Phobos Is there organic material on Phobos? Is there organic material on Phobos?

N CH N C NH 2 C C N CH N C C O C C H OHOH H HH CO PO H H OH O POPOH O OH OH O Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenine Ribose Phosphates

Main directions of Phobos samples laboratory treatment

Physical, petrographic and mineralogical studies Preliminary diagnostic of obtained material, assessment of its mass; physical, granulometric features, phase composition. Techniques and equipment: Preliminary diagnostic of obtained material, assessment of its mass; physical, granulometric features, phase composition. Techniques and equipment: Optical microscopesOptical microscopes X-ray difractometerX-ray difractometer Scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectroscopy detector (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction detector (EBSD)Scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectroscopy detector (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction detector (EBSD) Samples preparation to various types of analysis: thin sections, polished section, defragmentation, mineral isolation, etc. Techniques and equipment: Samples preparation to various types of analysis: thin sections, polished section, defragmentation, mineral isolation, etc. Techniques and equipment: SelFrag-Lab - high-voltage pulses selective fragmentationSelFrag-Lab - high-voltage pulses selective fragmentation

Chemical analysis In-situ techniques (almost non-destructive) In-situ techniques (almost non-destructive) X-ray microprobeX-ray microprobe Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive detectorElectron microscopy with energy-dispersive detector Secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS)Secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS) Laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass- spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)Laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass- spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) Destructive techniques (application depends from quantity of obtained material) Destructive techniques (application depends from quantity of obtained material) Using powdered samples (XRF, INNA)Using powdered samples (XRF, INNA) Using samples solutions (ICP-MS, ICP-AES, AAS)Using samples solutions (ICP-MS, ICP-AES, AAS) Using vacuum heating or crushing (gas mass-spectrometry including noble gas analysis)Using vacuum heating or crushing (gas mass-spectrometry including noble gas analysis)

Isotopic studies Stable isotope variations H, O, C, N, S, Fe, Cr (MAT-253 with sample preparation systems, MC-ICP-MS Neptune) Stable isotope variations H, O, C, N, S, Fe, Cr (MAT-253 with sample preparation systems, MC-ICP-MS Neptune) Long-living decay systems: U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, Re-Pt-Os, K-Ar (Triton, Neptune, ARGUS) Long-living decay systems: U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, Re-Pt-Os, K-Ar (Triton, Neptune, ARGUS) Short-living decay systems: 26 Al- 26 Mg, 182 Hf- 182 W, 53 Mn- 53 Cr, 129 I- 129 Xe, 244 Pu- 136 Xe (Neptune, HELIX) Short-living decay systems: 26 Al- 26 Mg, 182 Hf- 182 W, 53 Mn- 53 Cr, 129 I- 129 Xe, 244 Pu- 136 Xe (Neptune, HELIX) Organic matter studies Organic molecules composition and structure (HPLC/HRMS Exactive with extraction systems) Organic molecules composition and structure (HPLC/HRMS Exactive with extraction systems) Isotopic composition of organic matter: H, O, C, N, S (MAT- 253 and sample preparation systems) Isotopic composition of organic matter: H, O, C, N, S (MAT- 253 and sample preparation systems)

Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? Events chronology on Phobos Events chronology on Phobos Is there organic material on Phobos? Is there organic material on Phobos?

Thank you