Lecture schedule…continued S.Leys ESB 1-58 ph. 2-6629; email: sleys@ualberta.ca Lecture schedule…continued Mar. 1 Estuaries, salt-marshes and mangroves ARP 12:349-357 3 Open Oceans: Adaptations SPL 13:372-393, 15:426-432 8 Open Oceans: Feeding, mating SPL 15:438-440 10 Arctic vs Antarctic Community Ian Stirling (CWS) 15 Marine Mammals SPL 15:440-455 17 Deep sea 1: Adaptations (SP) 13:390, 16:479-480 22 Deep sea 2: Hydrothermal vent SPL 16:482-489 24 Sponge reefs SPL 4:111-116 29 Coral reefs 1: SPL 3:100-102, 16:473-479 31 Coral reefs 2: Ecological interactions SPL 16:473-479 Apr. 5 Marine life history strategies SPL 13:375-376, 16:478-480 7 Marine Resources, Fisheries SPL 17:492-515 12 Environmental concerns 1: SPL 18:519-545 14 Environmental concerns 2: SPL 18:519-545 28 Final Examination (0900) 60% of mark (ALL students in gymnasium) May 4 Deferred final exam* (0900, BioSciences Z211)

Classification of Living Things Kingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus Species e.g. Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Orcinus orca

Classification of Marine Organisms Neritic Oceanic Fig 13.9

Neritic Oceanic Biozone Epipelagic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic Abyssopelagic Fig 13.9

Neritic Oceanic Sunlight zone Euphotic Disphotic Aphotic Fig 13.9

Temperature ranges Eurythermal Stenothermal Fig 13-11

Temperature tolerances Eurythermal Shallow coastal water Open ocean, surface Stenothermal Open ocean, deeper Cooler water organisms tend to have smaller, fewer appendages, fewer species, and live longer

Oxygen variation with depth Figure 13.20

Light penetration Fig 14-5 Euphotic zone

Deep scattering layer Box 13-1 Fig 13 A

9 am 7 am 7 pm 5 pm Sonar of the Deep Scattering Layer Night Morning Day Evening

Plankton – drifts with ocean currents Nekton – swim actively Zooplankton & Nekton Phytoplankton Bacterioplankton

Zooplankton Cnidaria Gastropod mollusc Urochordata Chaetognaths Ctenophora Cnidaria Gastropod mollusc Urochordata Pyrosoma Chaetognaths Arthropoda Crustacea

Image from text, T&T Inside back cover

Floatation - shape Cestus - ctenophore Fig 15-8 Ctenes – rows of macro cilia

Floatation - shape e.g. Copepods (crustacean arthropods) Fig 15-5

Floatation – oil droplets Nectophore = bell with float Cl. Hydrozoa: Siphonophore Muggiaea Individual = zooid Feeding zooid

Floatation – gas chambers Vellela vellela (by the wind sailor) Cl. Hydrozoa: Chondrophora

Floatation – gas chambers Physalia (portugese man of war) Cl. Hydrozoa, Siphonophore Fig 15-7

Janthina – gastropod mollusc Floatation – gas chambers Float of air bubbles

Floatation – gas chambers Nautilus Fig 15-1

Buoyancy compensation in Nautilus Siphuncle shell animal

Transparency Provides camouflage Involves the whole organism Has evolved multiple times

The outcome of a predator/prey interaction depends on: Sighting distance = the maximum distance at which a prey animal is detected by an animal relying on visual cues Transparency allows: Prey with short sighting distance reduce their encounters with visually orienting predators Ambush predators with short sighting distance to increase chances of entangling prey before being detected and avoided c) Raptors to get within striking distance before being detected

Predator solutions to catching transparent prey… UV (~320nm) Predator solutions to catching transparent prey… UV vision found in mantis shrimp, cladocerans, copepods, decapods, horseshoe crabs, and even a polychaete worm! 2. Polarization vision light is polarized when it enters water

Unpolarized light Polarized light http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/logs/aug12/aug12.html

The Great Barrier Reef taken through a polarizing filter held in front of the camera horizontally, vertically, and at 45º. The fourth image is coded with color to show that much of the water is horizontally polarized (coded here as red). By Justin Marshall and Tom Cronin http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/background/polarization/polarization.html

Polarized vision – view of a copepod through… unpolarized light polarized light

Polarization vision helps detect transparent prey Shashar, Hanlon, Petz, Nature 1998,