 AP exam fees due March 9  Cookie Lab today  Pick up tests for test corrections during period  Measure radish plants  Chem poster due Friday ◦ 2 pictures included Wednesday - APES

Cookie Mining The economics of mining. Purchasing: land, mining equipment Paying for: operations & reclamation

 Mass cookie  Mass graph paper  Place cookie on graph paper – mining area  Don’t use your hands, only tools ◦ Toothpicks, paper clips  Following instructions 1-17  Record on side 2  Keep graph paper for lab journal  Write information on graph paper as needed Instructions

 AP exam fees due March 9  Pick up lab journals  Pick up tests for test corrections (due Mon.)  Cookie Lab follow up  Measure radish plants  Chem poster due Friday ◦ 2 pictures included (details on back) Discussion Ch. 16 Thursday - APES

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

 Aerial photos/satellite images – outcroppings  Radiation-measuring – detect deposits (uranimum)  Magnetometer – magnetic field changes caused by magnetic minerals (iron ore)  Gravimeter – differences in density of ore and surrounding rock Finding Buried mineral Deposits

Underground:  Drilling a deep well/extracting core samples  Seismic surveys – shock waves, rock bed composition  Chemical analysis – water/plants, detects deposits Finding Buried mineral Deposits

Surface mining (p. 341) Shallow deposits removed Strip away overburden – soil/rock (spoils) 90% nonfuel mineral, 60% coal 1.Open-pit – dig a hole 2.Dredging scrape up underwater deposits 3.Area strip mining – trench digging, cover back with overburden 4.Contour strip mining – power shovel, cuts terraces 5.Mountaintop removal – explosives, huge machines; rubble  streams (env.damage) Removing Buried Mineral Deposits

 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977  Requires co. to restore land to original usage

 Removes coal, metal ores  Deep vertical shaft, tunnels  Environ. Disturbance – minimal  Warning: subsidence (cave ins), black lung disease Subsurface mining - Deep deposits p. 342

Environmental effects of use  Enormous amt. energy  Land disturbance - scarring  Soil erosion  Air/water pollution ◦ Acid mine drainage – 40% west. watersheds

Acid Mine Drainage -impact on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years

Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls.

Mine effluent discharging from the bottom of a waste rock pile

Shoreline of a pond receiving AMD showing massive accumulation of iron hydroxides on the pond bottom

Groundwater flow through a tailings impoundment and discharging into lakes or streams.

Life Cycle – Mineral ore fig  Extracting – removal from earth’s crust  Purifying – separating ore from gangue (waste) ◦ Tailings – piles of waste  Smelting – separate metal from other elements  Converted to product

Phase in Full-Cost Pricing  Include cost of environ. harm in price of goods made from minerals

Mineral Supplies – p. 345  Available/affordable  Economically depleted: ◦ Costs more to find, extract, transport, process than it’s worth  Recycle/reuse  Wastes less  Use less  Find a substitute  Do without

New Technology – Nanotechnology  Atomic/molecular level technology  Manipulate atoms nm wide ◦ Medicines ◦ Solar cells ◦ Buckyballs – soccer ball shape carbon  Cosmetics/sun screen ◦ Little environmental damage  Unintended consequences ◦ Smaller – more reactive ◦ More toxic potentially ◦ Fish – brain damage w/in 48 hrs.  Precautionary principal

Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

Minerals -Commonly Found: fault lines – divergence/convergence (oceanic & continental crust) magma risen to the surface hot spots & hydrothermal vents (ocean) manganese nodules - ocean floor. small underwater volcanoes - copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold & other metallic minerals. evaporite mineral deposits – dissolved by ground water -left in lakes - water evaporates

 Lab Today – Part 2 Extracting Copper from Malachite  Cookie and Copper Labs Due Thursday, 3/8  AP exam fees due next Friday, 3/9  Daily Light Savings Time – this weekend APES – Monday test corrections in box

Chemically refine malachite to produce copper. Part 1: Dissolve the Copper   CuCO 3 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq)   CuSO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) Extracting Metal From a Rock:

Part 2: Retrieving the Copper  CuSO 4 (aq) + 2Fe (s)  3Cu (s) + Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) Monday

Purpose Follow write up instructions Procedure Part 1 – 4 sentences Part 2 – 4 sentences Results: (qualitative/quantitative) Part 1 data tables Part 2 data tables Discussion Questions: 7 Conclusion Write up