takeover of a country by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation (building an empire)

Role of Industrial Revolution Industrial economies and mass production created need for additional raw materials Industrial powers looked to other lands that were rich in raw materials to fulfill production needs Industrialized nations have the technology (steam engine) to access far away lands Also have superior weaponry to conquer people Industrial powers also needed markets to sell finished goods Colonies (conquered lands) provide lots of people to sell stuff to

Forces enabling Imperialism External= European’s technological superiority Maxim gun-1 st automatic “machine gun” Steam Engine—Allowed Europeans to travel to and within colonized lands Medical Advances-quinine protected Europeans from Malaria Internal—Division among the groups of people in colonized lands Africa – numerous tribal groups India – Hindus vs. Muslims

Justification: Paternalism—people need to be watched over & taken care of with out individual rights Social Darwinism—Darwin’s idea of “survival of the fittest” applied to social change those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior non-Europeans were less fit because of their lack of technology, religion, and government thus Europeans had a right and duty to bring the results of progress to other countries Racism—the idea that one race is superior to others many Europeans believed that they were better than other peoples, in part because of their advanced technologies and Christianity

Eras of Imperialism Old Imperialism ( ) characterized by exploration, missionaries, and gold Industrial Revolution ( ) characterized by inventions, progress, capitalism, class divisions, rise of middle class New Imperialism ( ) took over much of Africa & Asia

Causes of New Imperialism nationalism—the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation, rather than to a king or empire nations competed for colonies & trade economic competition demand for raw materials and new markets spurs search for colonies missionary spirit Europeans believes they must spread their Christian teachings to the world

Effects of New Imperialism colonization Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asian, and Latin America Colonial economics Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economics Christianization Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia

Different Forms of Control Colony—ruled directly by that colonial power U.S. & Canada to Britain Sphere of influence—a claim for only exclusive trading privileges Latin America to U.S. Protectorate—country has its own gov’t, but does what imperial power wants Cuba, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S. Economic Imperialism—independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

Imperial Management Methods Direct Control Driven by concept of paternalism…colonies were unfit to rule Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule Goal: assimilation Government institutions are based only on European style Examples: French colonies such as Somililand, Vietnam German colonies in East Africa Portuguese colonies such as Angola

Imperial Management Methods Indirect Control Local government officials were used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions were based on European styles but may have local rules Examples: British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands

Impact of Imperial Rule Positive reduced local warfare because of European military presence humanitarian efforts improved sanitation and brought hospitals and schools in some colonies economic expansion railroads, dams, telegraph and telephone lines…really for Europeans business interests

Impact of Imperial Rule Negative lost control of their land and independence many died of new diseases such as smallpox lost thousands of lives in resisting Europeans famines resulted from the change to cash crops in place of subsistence farming breakdown of traditional culture dividing up of African continent has caused most lasting damage long-term tribal rivalries were forced to unite kinship groups were split apart

Impact of Imperialism on “Mother Countries” Mass Society – middle class becomes most influential NEW ELITE – 5% of population Controlled 30-40% of world’s wealth Govt/military leaders & industrialists MIDDLE CLASS – 15% of population Upper M.C. – doctors, lawyers, small business owners, managers, architects, engineers Lower M.C. – traders, some farmers, white collar workers  salesmen, secretaries, managers, etc WORKING CLASS – 80% of population Blue collar workers  Domestic servants, factory workers, peasant farmers

Values of the Middle Class dominate Western Society 1. hard work 2. Christian morality 3. Victorian lifestyles – etiquette, manners 4. Universal education – education necessary for new jobs created by Industrial Rev. & for participation in democratic govt 1900 – most European adults (80-90%) were literate Only 20% of Serbian/Russian adults could read

Leisure Read newspapers – gossip columns, crime, cartoons Amusement parks – Coney Island (NY) Dance halls Organized sports teams – cricket, croquet, baseball, rugby, soccer Spectator activities Bicycle/automobile Middle class & elites can afford to pay the increased costs of leisure activities

Recall!!! What were the justifications for imperialism? What role did the Industrial Revolution have on Imperialism? What were some of the forces that enabled imperialism to occur? What were some causes/effects of imperialism? What nations were major imperialists? Compare/contrast direct & indirect control of colonies. What were some positive/negative impacts of colonialism?