Discovering Computers 2009 CSC 1100 Computer Literacy Dr. Carlos E. Otero Introduction to Computer Programming

Chapter 13 Objectives Next Describe various ways to develop Web pages including HTML, scripting languages, DHTML, XML, WML, and Web page authoring software Differentiate between machine and assembly languages Identify and discuss the purpose of procedural programming languages Identify and discuss the characteristics of object-oriented programming languages and program development tools Identify the uses of other programming languages and other program development tools Identify the uses of popular multimedia authoring programs List the six steps in the program development cycle Differentiate between structured design and object-oriented design Explain the basic control structures and design tools used in designing solutions to programming problems

Computer Programs and Programming Languages What is a computer program? p. 664 Fig Next  Series of instructions that directs computer to perform tasks  Programming language—used to communicate instructions

Computer Programs and Programming Languages The OS Application Programming Interface (API)  Conceptually, a computer system is made up of layers.  The hardware is the lowest layer in all systems  The Operating System runs at the next higher layer. The OS layer provides access to the hardware and OS functions via a set of system calls  Processes run at the next higher layer and use the system calls to gain access to both the hardware and OS functionality Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 Operating System Hardware OS API Program 1 Program 2

Computer Programs and Programming Languages What are low-level languages and high-level languages? p Next High-level language Low-level language Machine-dependent runs only on one type of computer Often machine-independent can run on many different types of computers and operating systems Machine and assembly languages are low-level

Low-Level Languages What is machine language? p. 665 Fig Next  Only language computer directly recognizes  Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits

Low-Level Languages What is assembly language? p. 666 Fig Next  Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes  Source program contains code to be converted to machine language

third-generation language (3GL) Often called third-generation language (3GL) Procedural Languages What is a procedural language? p. 666 Next Uses series of English-like words to write instructions Programmer writes instructions that tell computer what to accomplish and how to do it

Procedural Languages What is a compiler? p. 667 Fig Next  Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it

Procedural Languages What is an interpreter? p. 667 Fig Next  Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time  Does not produce object program

Procedural Languages What is COBOL? p. 668 Fig Next  Designed for business applications  English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain  Common Business-Oriented Language Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click COBOL below Chapter 13

Procedural Languages What is C? p. 668 Fig Next  Powerful language originally designed to write system software  Requires professional programming skills  Mostly used for systems software and embedded real- time systems

Object-Oriented Programming Languages What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language? p. 669 Next Used to implement object-oriented design Major benefit is ability to reuse and modify existing objects Event-driven— checks for and responds to set of events Java, C#, and Visual Basic.NET are complete object-oriented languages Object is item that contains data and procedures that act on data Event is action to which program responds

Object-Oriented Programming Languages What is Java? Next  Developed by Sun Microsystems  Uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert bytecode into machine- dependent code  The bytecode is then interpreted by the java virtual machine

Object-Oriented Programming Languages What is C++? p. 670 Fig Next  Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts  Used to be popular for developing GUI, web, database applications, but nowadays is used mostly in systems software And embedded systems Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click C++ below Chapter 13

Object-Oriented Programming Languages What is C#? p. 670 Next  Object-oriented programming language based on C++ and developed by Microsoft  Accepted as a standard for GUI, Web applications and XML-based Web services in the Windows Platform  Uses a JIT compiler  Resulting code is called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)  It is Microsoft's version to compete with Java. C# has different syntax than java but the overall concept is very similar to Java!

Object-Oriented Programming Languages What is a visual programming language? p. 669 and 673 Next Programmer writes and implements program in segments Visual programming environment (VPE) allows developers to drag and drop objects to build programs Often used in RAD (rapid application development) environment Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code

Object-Oriented Programming Languages What is Visual Studio? Next .NET is set of technologies that allows program to be created fast and to run on the Internet  Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, and Visual C# Step 1. The developer designs the user interface. Step 2. The developer assigns properties to each object on the form. Step 3. The developer writes code to define the action of each command button. Step 4. The developer tests the program.

Object-Oriented Programming Languages What is Delphi? p. 672 Fig Next  Powerful program development tool  Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications

Object-Oriented Programming Languages What is PowerBuilder? p. 673 Fig Next  Another powerful visual programming tool  Best suited for Web- based and large-scale enterprise object- oriented applications

Other Programming Languages  What are nonprocedural languages and program development tools? p. 674 and 676 Next Nonprocedural Language The programmer writes English- like instructions or interacts with a visual environment to retrieve data from files or a database Program Development Tools User-friendly programs designed to assist both programmers and users in creating programs

Other Programming Languages What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)? p. 674 Fig Next  Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in database  Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to manage data in relational DBMS

Other Programming Languages What are other available programming languages? p. 675 Fig Next ALGOLALGOLAdaAdaAPLAPL BASICBASICHyperTalkHyperTalkFORTRANFORTRANForthForth LISPLISPModula-2Modula-2LogoLogo PascalPascalPrologPrologPL/1PL/1PILOTPILOT SmalltalkSmalltalk

Web Page Development What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)? p. 678 Fig Next  Used to create Web pages

Web Page Development How web pages travel the Internet using a cable modem connection? p. 73 Fig. 2-3 Next

Web Page Development How are special effects and interactive elements added to a Web page? p. 679 Next Counter Counter tracks number of visitors to Web site Image map Image map graphic image that points to URL Script Script interpreted program that runs on client Applet Applet usually runs on client, but is compiled Processing form Processing form collects data from visitors to Web site Servlet Servlet applet that runs on server ActiveX control ActiveX control small program that runs on client

Web Page Development What is a scripting language? Next  Typically easy to learn and use  Allows control of one or more software applications  In web terms, a simple programming language that can be executed by a web browser or a web server.  JavaScript  Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language)  PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)  Rexx (Restructured eXtended eXecutor)  TCL (Tool Command Language)  VBScript (Visual Basic, Scripting Edition)

Web Page Development What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)? p. 682 Fig Next  Allows developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity in Web page Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click DHTML below Chapter 13

Web Page Development What are XHTML, XML, and WML? p Next XHTML XHTML (Extensible HTML) enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers XML XML (Extensible Markup Language) allows developers to create customized tags WML WML (Wireless Markup Language) allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers Includes features of HTML and XML Many Internet-enabled smart phones and PDAs use WML as their markup language Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without going back to server RSS 2.0 and ATOM

Web Page Development What is Ajax? p. 683 Next  Stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML  Method of creating interactive Web applications designed to provide immediate response  Combines JavaScript, HTML or XHTML, XML, and cascading style sheets  Google Maps and Flickr use Ajax

Web Page Development What is Web page authoring software? p. 683 Next  Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML  Generates HTML Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Silverlight below Chapter 13 DreamweaverExpression WebFlashSilverlight

The Program Development Cycle What is the program development cycle? p Fig Next  Steps programmers use to build computer programs  Programming team—Group of programmers working on program

Step 1 — Analyze Requirements What is involved in analyzing the requirements? p Fig Next 1.Review requirements 2.Meet with systems analyst and users 3.Feasibility analysis, Prioritize Requirements 4.Identify input, output, processing, and data components  IPO chart—Identifies program’s input, processing, and output components

Step 1 — Analyze Requirements Requirements can be modeled using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) Use Case Diagrams

Programmer begins with general design and moves toward detailed design Step 2 — Design Solution What is involved in designing the solution? p. 687 Next Object-oriented design Structured design, sometimes called top-down design Two approaches Devise solution algorithm, step-by-step procedure to solve problem

Step 2 — Design Solution What is a hierarchy chart? p. 687 Fig Next  Shows program modules graphically  Also called structure chart

Step 2 — Design Solution What is object-oriented (OO) design? p. 688 Fig Next  Programmer packages data and program into single unit, an object  Objects are grouped into classes  Class diagram represents hierarchical relationships of classes graphically Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Object-Oriented Design below Chapter 13

Step 2 — Design Solution What is a sequence control structure? p. 688 Fig Next  Control structure that shows actions following each other in order  Control structure depicts logical order of program instructions

Step 2 — Design Solution What is a selection control structure? p. 689 Fig Next  Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition  Two types  Case control structure  If-then-else control structure—yields one of two possibilities: true or false

Step 2 — Design Solution What is a case control structure? p. 689 Fig Next  Yields one of three or more possibilities

Step 2 — Design Solution What is a repetition control structure? p Figs –13-31 Next  Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly  Do-while control structure—repeats as long as condition is true  Do-until control structure—repeats until condition is true

Step 2 — Design Solution What is a program flowchart? p. 690 Fig Next  Graphically shows logic in solution algorithm

Step 2 — Design Solution What is an example of a flowchart? p. 691 Fig Next

Step 2 — Design Solution What is flowcharting software? p Fig Next  Used by programmers to develop flowcharts Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Flowcharting Software below Chapter 13

Step 2 — Design Solution In the Object Oriented world, the design solution consists of UML’s sequence diagrams and class diagrams. Class Diagram Sequence Diagram

Step 2 — Design Solution What is pseudocode? p. 690 and 692 Fig Next  Uses condensed form of English to convey program logic

Step 3 — Validate Design What is involved in validating the design? p. 693 Next Check program design for accuracy Logic error Logic error design flaw that causes inaccurate results Test data Test data sample data that mimics real data that program will process Programmer checks logic for correctness and attempts to uncover logic errors Desk check Desk check programmers use test data to step through logic Inspection systems analyst reviews deliverables during the system development cycle

Step 4 — Implement Design What is implementation? p Fig Next  Writing the code that translates the design into a program  Syntax—rules that specify how to write instructions  Comments—program documentation  Extreme programming (XP)—coding and testing as soon as requirements are defined

Step 5 — Test Solution What is involved in testing the solution? p Next Ensure program runs correctly and is error free Debugging—locating and correcting syntax and logic errors, or bugs Test copy of program, called beta, sometimes used to find bugs Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Beta Testers below Chapter 13

Step 6 — Document Solution What is involved in documenting the solution? p. 696 Next  Programmer performs two activities Reviews program code—removes dead code, program instructions that program never executes Reviews documentation

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Summary of Programming Languages and Program Development Various programming languages used to create computer programs The program development cycle and the tools used to make this process efficient Web development and multimedia development tools