The Birth of American Modernism (1915-1945)

--William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity “World War I . . . destroyed faith in progress, but it did more than that—it made clear to perceptive thinkers . . . that violence prowled underneath man’s apparent harmony and rationality.” --William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity

Definition Robert Wohl – “Modernism is a response by clusters of intellectuals and artists to the converging processes of industrialization” In Other Words… Modernism is the reaction of artists and writers to the new society formed because of industrialization.

Literary Modernism: 1915-1945 Aspects high degree of experimentation. characters most often alienated people searching unsuccessfully for meaning and love in their lives themes pulled from real life.

AFTER THE GREAT WAR The devastation of World War I brought about an end to the sense of optimism that characterized the years leading up to the war. This more negative, or realistic, view of the world, and the technological advances, gave birth to Modernism

Value Differences in the Modern World Pre-Modern World Modern World (Early 20th Century) Ordered Chaotic Meaningful Futile Optimistic Pessimistic Stable Fluctuating Faith Loss of faith Morality/Values Collapse of Morality/Values Clear Sense of Identity Confused Sense of Identity and Place in the World

Philosophy and Theory: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL CURRENTS WHICH INFLUENCED MODERNISM 7

Major Intellectual Influences Karl Marx (1818-1883) Marx felt that reality was determined by materialist cultures and economics. He called for a social revolution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Darwin's theory of evolution and “survival of the fittest” suggests that survival is determined by the ability to adapt. The Origin of the Species Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Feels that traditional religions have been debunked by physical and natural sciences and thus, that moral and ethical systems that arise from traditional religions are illogical. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Freud’s theories of the dynamic unconscious suggested that humans are not fully aware of what they think or why they think it. His ideas proposed that awareness existed in layers and that many thoughts occur "below the surface.” Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Overturns Newtonian conceptions of Physics. The universe is uncertain and we are ill-equipped observers.

Major Influences WWI The Jazz Age / Roaring Twenties 32 countries and claimed the lives of over 20 million people new weapons b/c of technology Signals an end to idealism and ushered in an era marked by hedonism*, political corruption, and ruthless business practices The Jazz Age / Roaring Twenties “the greatest, gaudiest spree in history” (FSF) Young people rebelling against past + tradition Experimentation with fashion

Major Influences Prohibition (1920-1933) New Era for Women Alcohol was made illegal Bootleggers= sold alcohol anyway Speakeasies= where alcohol was served despite prohibition New Era for Women The right to vote (19th am.) Flapper= “an emancipated young woman who embraced new fashions and urban attitudes of the day” More women working

Major Influences The Great Depression The New Deal (FDR) Stock Market crashed in 1929 Banks failed, businesses floundered, workers lost job; 25% unemployed Farmers ruined and went West to find work. Tough times. Not many jobs and too many people. The New Deal (FDR) New Deal programs: relief for the hungry and homeless, recovery for agriculture and business, and various economic reforms to prevent such a severe depression from occurring again.

Themes of Modern Literature Collectivism versus individualism Disillusionment Violence and alienation Decadence and decay Loss and despair Breakdown of social norms and cultural sureties Race and gender relations The American Dream 16

Theme of Alienation Sense of alienation in literature: The character belongs to a “lost generation” (Gertrude Stein) The character suffers from a “dissociation of sensibility”—separation of thought from feeling (T. S. Eliot) The character has “a Dream deferred” (Langston Hughes).

Valorization of the Individual Characters are heroic in the face of a future they can’t control. Demonstrates the uncertainty felt by individuals living in this era. Examples include Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby, Lt. Henry in A Farewell to Arms, or George in Of Mice and Men.

Literary Styles of Modernism Stream of consciousness narration: a narrative mode which seeks to portray an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes, either through loose interior monologue or in connection to action. 19

Juxtaposition Two images that are otherwise not commonly brought together appear side by side or structurally close together, thereby forcing the reader to stop and reconsider the meaning of the text through the contrasting images, ideas, motifs, etc. For example, “He was slouched alertly” is a juxtaposition.

American Literary Modernism: MAJOR AUTHORS 21

T.S. Eliot (1888- 1965), American- British poet and literary critic, author of Prufrock and Other Observations (1917) won numerous awards and honors in his lifetime, including the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948. His early and experimental poetical works depict a bleak and barren soullessness, often in spare yet finely crafted modern verse.The most dominant literary figure between the two world wars. Influential poet and literary critic. Conceives of the poem as an object demanding a fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience. Major Works: Prufrock and Other Observations (1917), The Waste Land (1922) T.S. Eliot 22

William Faulkner Southern American writer William Faulkner (1897-1962), one of the 20th century's most gifted novelists, wrote for the movies in part because he could not make enough money from his novels and short stories to support his growing number of dependants. The author of such acclaimed novels as "The Sound and the Fury" and "Absalom, Absalom!"any works center on the mythical Yoknapatawpha county Experimental techniques include stream-of- consciousness and dislocation of narrative time Focus on issues of sex, class, race relations The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Absalom, Absalom! (1936) William Faulkner 23

Ernest Hemingway Iceberg Theory ofliterature (one- eighth Nobel Prize winner Ernest Hemingway is seen as one of the great American 20th century novelists, and is known for works like A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea.above water) Spare, tight journalistic prose style Objective, detached point of view Examination of masculinity, gender Major works: The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) Ernest Hemingway 24

Gertrude Stein Expatriate Author Coined the term “Lost Gertrude Stein (1874–1946) was an American author and poet best known for her modernist writings, extensive art collecting and literary salon in 1920s Paris.eneration” Patron of authors and artists as well as artistic innovator “Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.” Major works: Three Lives (1909), The Making of Americans (1925) Gertrude Stein 25

F. Scott Fitzgerald Focus on Jazz Age and Great Depression F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), American author wrote The Great Gatsby. Examination of American materialism Exploration of the American dream Major works: The Great Gatsby (1925), Tender is the Night (1934) F. Scott Fitzgerald 26

John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. (1902-1968) was an American author of twenty-seven books, including sixteen novels, six non-fiction books, and five collections of short stories.

Ideal American Dream Endless Opportunities— “New Eden” Progress—Life should keep getting better and better The independent, self-reliant individual will triumph

Characteristics of Modernism in American Literature Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form, reflecting the fragmentation of society. Example—There is no resolution in “A Worn Path” Rejection of traditional themes and subjects. Loss of faith in religion and society. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the American Dream Example—Nick and Gatsby from The Great Gatsby

Rejection of the ideal hero as infallible in favor of a hero who is flawed and disillusioned but shows “grace under pressure.” Interest in the inner workings of the human mind, (stream of consciousness) sometimes expressed through new narrative techniques. Examples—Hurston, Hemingway

What is Today’s American Dream? “American modernist writers both echoed and challenged the American Dream. They constituted a broader, more resonant voice than ever before, resulting in a second American renaissance. With all the changes, however, writers continued to ask fundamental questions about the meaning and purpose of human existence.”

Modernism in Art Cubism: cub·ism, ˈkyo͞oˌbizəm/noun: cubism; noun: analytical cubism; noun: synthetic cubism an early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage. Dadaism: Dada /ˈdɑːdɑː/ or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century. Many claim Dada began in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916, spreading to Berlin shortly thereafter but the height of New York Dada was the year before in 1915 Surrealism: sur·re·al·ism [suh-ree-uh-liz-uhm]; noun a style of art and literature developed principally in the 20th century which developed from dada and stressing the subconscious or nonrational significance of imagery arrived at by the exploitation of chance effects and unexpected juxtapositions. Futurism: fu·tur·ism [fyoo-chuh-riz-uhm] noun 1. a style of the fine arts developed originally by a group of Italian artists about 1910 in which forms derived chiefly from cubism were used to represent rapid movement and dynamic motion.

Cubism

Dadaism Duchamp

Surrealism Magritte Dali

Jackson Pollock

Futurism Giacomo Balla Kandinsky

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