History of Marine Science

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History of Oceanography

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Presentation transcript:

History of Marine Science

Ancient Times…

Polynesians – beginning around 30,000 B.C. Stone Age clambakes Polynesians – beginning around 30,000 B.C. Sailed extensively through the Pacific Stick charts Colonized: Samoa, New Zealand, Easter Island, Hawaii

By 2000 B.C. – Phoenicians were accomplished mariners Commerce & Colonies Mediterranean Through Strait of Gibraltar & into Atlantic 4th century B.C. – Aristotle – 1st marine biologist Gills are breathing structures of fish Library at Alexandria

Middle Ages…

995 A.D. – Leif Eriksson discovered N. America Dark Ages – most scientific study halted in Europe; much knowledge lost 995 A.D. – Leif Eriksson discovered N. America North Atlantic Detailed knowledge of currents, wind, tides, ocean phenomena Arab traders – learned about wind and current patterns

Renaissance…

1450s – Prince Henry the Navigator Recognizes ocean’s potential for trade/commerce Establishes 1st oceanographic institute 1492 – Columbus rediscovers America 1519 – Magellan – 1st expedition to sail around globe

1700s…

1736 – John Harrison invents 1st chronometer Spring-operated clock Necessary for determining longitude 1768 – James Cook Uses chronometer in his journeys 1770 – Ben Franklin 1st map of Gulf Stream

1800S…

1831 – HMS Beagle 1840s - Matthew Maury 1840s – 1850s – Edward Forbes Map coastlines Darwin made detailed observations of natural world 1840s - Matthew Maury 1840s – 1850s – Edward Forbes Dredged the sea floor Discovered many new species Different life at different depths

Marine Labs 1872 – Stazione Zoologica – Naples, Italy 1st Marine Lab 1879 – Laboratory of Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom – Plymouth 1870s-1880s – Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Modern Times…

1900s – Polar Expeditions 1940s-1950s –Thor Heyerdahl Recreates trips of Polynesians

SCUBA Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Developed by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnon post WWII

Scuba opened a new world to marine scientists Prior to its development, divers were restricted by the length of the air tube coming from their ship

WWII Sonar (sound navigation ranging) Developed to detect enemy submarines