Welcome to science Sixth Grade Show pictures (next few slides) Ask “rhetorical” questions about each picture. Tell the kids to hypothesize… guess… explain that hypotheses are never wrong. Allow them to speculate, then give them the answers. Sixth Grade

DO NOW In your journal, answer the following questions: What is science? Why do you think we study science?

What do you think these organisms are? What are they doing? Found in a wide variety of colors, more than 900 species of slime mold occur all over the world and feed on microorganisms that live in any type of dead plant material. They contribute to the decomposition of dead vegetation, and feed on bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Plasmodial slime molds (the yellow one) are enormous single cells with thousands of nuclei. They are formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse. These "giant cells" have been extremely useful in studies of cytoplasmic streaming (the movement of cell contents) because it is possible to see this happening even under relatively low magnification. In addition, the large size of the slime mold "cell" makes them easier to manipulate than most cells. Cellular slime molds (red ones) spend most of their lives as separate single-celled amoeboid protists, but upon the release of a chemical signal, the individual cells aggregate into a great swarm and form into a multicellular organism. Cellular slime molds are thus of great interest to cell and developmental biologists, because they provide a comparatively simple and easily manipulated system for understanding how cells interact to generate a multicellular organism.

What do you think these organisms are? What are they doing? Phylobates terribilis (orange poison dart frog) are found in Central American rainforests. The breeding season for P. terribilis is throughout the rainy season. These frogs can breed as often as once a month. The male sits on a leaf and calls to the female by buzzing or trilling. If another male arrives before a female, the calling male attempts to evict the intruder from his territory. Alytes obstetricans (frog with eggs on his back) are found in Europe. Mating occurs on land, and after egg deposition in the male maneuvers the fertilized eggs onto his back and thighs and carries them around for several days. When the eggs are ready to hatch, the male enters the water and releases the eggs. The eggs hatch, and larvae feed and continue their development until they undergo metamorphosis.

Where do you think this is? How would you find out? The Sonoran Desert is an arid region covering 120,000 square miles in southwestern Arizona and southeastern California, as well as most of Baja California and the western half of the state of Sonora, Mexico. This is the hottest of our North American deserts, but a distinctly bimodal rainfall pattern produces a high biological diversity. Winter storms from the Pacific nourish many West Coast annual plants such as poppies while well-developed summer monsoons host both annuals and woody plants originating from the south. Freezing conditions can be expected for a few nights in winter.

What is this ? How was it made ? Grand Canyon National Park, a World Heritage Site, encompasses 1,218,375 acres and lies on the Colorado Plateau in northwestern Arizona. The land is semi-arid and consists of raised plateaus and structural basins typical of the southwestern United States. It is considered one of the finest examples of arid-land erosion in the world. The Colorado River cut deeply through the rock, forming numerous steep-walled canyons. The Canyon is immense, averaging 4,000 feet deep for its entire 277 miles. It is 6,000 feet deep at its deepest point and 15 miles at its widest.

What is this? Does anything live here? The Sun is the Earth's nearest star. Similar to most typical stars, it is a large ball of hot electrically charged gas which obtains its energy from nuclear reactions in its core, much like energy expected from a countless number of hydrogen bombs exploding. This nuclear energy heats the ball of gas up causing it to tend to expand. The gas ball of the Sun maintains a nearly constant nearly spherical shape with a diameter of about 1.6 million km (i.e., about one million miles across). The Sun's inner regions are so dense that a light particle, called a photon, that is formed near the center takes on average more than 10 million years to get to the surface as it bounces around inside from one material particle to another countless times in its net outward path.

What is this. What is it used for. Does it help or harm humans What is this? What is it used for? Does it help or harm humans? How does it work?   How do x-ray machines work? Electromagnetic waves, similar to light waves, are cast out of a tube. Electromagnetic waves have more power than light waves, so they penetrate the skin. The rays absorb into the bone and pass through the tissue to the film which produces an accurate picture of the bone(s). When the doctor puts the picture up to a light, cracks and breaks become visible. If there was no bone, the x-ray would look all black, since there was nothing to absorb the rays.

How are these two things similar? How are they different?

What is Science?

Science Defined Science is the process we use to learn information and a body of  information Science is a process we use to learn information. The process involves using the scientific method Science is the body of knowledge we build through our investigations.

What Do Scientists Do? Scientists.. Study any aspect of the world, solar system, and universe gather new information and modify prevailing theories and develop new theories that help us understand old observations in a new way   Think about when scientists thought the Earth was flat. They gathered new information and modified that theory, and now we think about the Earth and our solar system completely differently.

Qualities of a Good Scientist What do you think? Good scientists practice accurate record keeping, openness, and replication essential to investigator’s credibility with other scientists and society

Scientist Qualities Explained Record keeping: (note taking, data collection) is very important because it is very easy to for get small details that may turn out to be very important. Openness and honesty: is absolutely essential for conducting good science. Scientists are trained to always try to remain unbiased and report the results of an experiment as they are and not how they “were supposed to turn out”. Replication: is the process of repeating an experiment several times. It is important because the more times an experiment is repeated with the same result the more confidence we have in that result. If an experiment is done only once the result may be due to random chance.

The 5 Branches of Natural Science Biology Chemistry Earth Science Astronomy Physics

Why is Studying Science Important? What do you think? In your science journal, write why you feel studying science is important All aspects of our lives have been influenced by science. Science is important in our everyday lives. Computers, medicine (such as morphine and aspirin) and medical supplies (agar in Petri dishes are made from algae), cars, microwaves, radios, musical instruments, etc

The Scientific Method

Steps of The Scientific Method 1. Problem/Question 2. Observation/Research 3. Formulate a Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect and Analyze Results 6. Conclusion 7. Communicate the Results

Question/Problem Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.

Make Observations/Conduct Research Make observations and research your topic of interest using reliable sources.

Formulate a Hypothesis Predict a possible answer to the problem or question. Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.

Experiment Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list. The outcome must be measurable.

Do you remember the next step?

Collect and Analyze Data Modify the procedure if needed. Confirm the results by retesting. Include tables, graphs, and photographs.

Draw a Conclusion Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. If possible, make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.

Share Your Results Be prepared to present the project to an audience. Expect questions from the audience.

Science and Technology

The Story of Oil and Natural Gas Watch, Listen, Learn

Measurement In Science The Metric System

By the end of this unit you Measurement By the end of this unit you must be able to: Measure length to the nearest millimeter, mass to the nearest gram, volume to the nearest milliliter, force (weight) to the nearest Newton, temperature to the nearest degree Celsius, and time to the nearest second.

Length INSTRUMENT: Metric Ruler Meter Stick UNIT: Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Millimeter (mm) What is it used to measure? How long is the line? How tall is the tree? How far did they run?

Mass INSTRUMENT Balance UNIT: Gram (g) Kilogram (kg) Milligram (mg) What is it used to measure? How big is the elephant? Mass the rock? What is the mass of the book bag?

Regular Volume cm3 mL INSTRUMENT: Metric Ruler Meter Stick UNIT: **Do the math. What is the volume of this cube? Volume = length x width x height

The units are interchangeable! Irregular Volume INSTRUMENT: Graduated Cylinder Overflow Can* *We will not use this in our labs UNIT: mL cm3 BIG SECRET: 1 cm3 = 1 mL The units are interchangeable! What is it used to measure? What is the volume of a toy car? What is the volume of a rock?

Liquid Volume INSTRUMENT: Graduated cylinder UNIT: Milliliter (mL) Liter (L) What is it used to measure? How much soda is in the glass? How much milk does the recipe say goes in the pancake batter?

**Why does there HAVE to be a spring in this instrument? Weight (Force) **Why does there HAVE to be a spring in this instrument? INSTRUMENT: Spring Scale (*Scale is NOT enough!) UNIT: Newton (N) A spring wants to hold its shape. But it is elastic, and if we apply a force to it, it changes shape. The amount of change in its shape will be proportional to the force applied to it. That's Hooke's law of elasticity. --- Spring scales work by Hooke's Law. This law states that the distance the spring is extended is proportional to the force needed to extend the spring. What is it used to measure? Measure the FORCE of gravity on the rock. How much does the book weigh?

Temperature INSTRUMENT: Thermometer UNIT: Degrees Celsius (oC)

Time INSTRUMENT: Clock Wrist Watch Timer UNIT: Hour (hr) Minute (min) Second (sec)

What is the Metric System? The metric system is a system of weights and measures that was first implemented in 1795 in France. Scientists around the world use it as the international standard to clearly communicate data. The Metric System provides…. Simplicity Consistency

Length The basic unit of length in the metric system is the meter and is represented by a lowercase m. Metric Units 1 Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters 1 Meter = 100 Centimeters (cm) 1 Meter = 1000 Millimeters (mm)

Mass Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object. The base unit of mass in the metric system in the gram and is represented by g. Metric Units 1 Kilogram (km) = 1000 Grams (g) 1 Gram (g) = 1000 Milligrams (mg)

Volume Volume is the amount of space an object takes up. The base unit of volume in the metric system is the liter and is represented by L or l. Metric Units 1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) 1 milliliter (mL) = 1 cm3 (or cc) Note: Liquid volume should be measured in liters or milliliters while solid volume should be measure in cm3

Measuring Volume Read the measurement based on the bottom of the meniscus or curve. When using a real cylinder, make sure you are eye-level with the level of the water. What is the volume of water in the cylinder? _____mL What causes the meniscus? A concave meniscus occurs when the molecules of the liquid attract those of the container. The glass attracts the water on the sides.

Volume of Irregular Objects We can measure the volume of irregular object using water displacement. Amount of H2O with object = ______ About of H2O without object = ______ Difference = Volume = ______