Science Final Review Notes

First, We Need To Know Length!! Length: the unit of measure to determine the distance of an object

Mass Mass: the amount of matter in a given object We use a BALANCE to measure mass

I can’t hear it…turn it up!!! Turn what up???? VOLUME: the amount of space an object takes up 1.You can use the mathematical equation: volume of cube= length x width x height 2. Use a graduated cylinder 3. See how much water it displaces by placing it in water

When You Combine Mass and Volume, you get… Density A measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given amount of space Amount of Matter SPACE

Does it Float or Sink?

 Observation – Any use of the senses to gather information.  Inference – An conclusion drawn from a small sampling of data.

Solids Phase of matter in which matter has a definite shape and volumePhase of matter in which matter has a definite shape and volume Molecules (small round objects) are arranged and organized in “tightly packed” order

Liquids Phase of matter in which matter takes the shape of its container and has definite volumePhase of matter in which matter takes the shape of its container and has definite volume Molecules are moving slowly; not fast enough to overcome the attractions between them

Gases Phase in which matter changes in both volume and shapePhase in which matter changes in both volume and shape Molecules move very quickly and are able to break apart from one another

So How Do We Classify Them? How fast the molecules move!!!How fast the molecules move!!! SolidsLiquidsGasesPlasmas Molecules move slow and vibrate in place Move faster than solids and overcome some attraction Move fast and overcome all of attraction Move incredibly fast but break apart

The seven types of energy are:The seven types of energy are: Energy Heat Light Electrical MechanicalSound Nuclear Chemical

What Makes An Object Move? Force: a push or pull on an objectForce: a push or pull on an object Characteristics of Forces 1. Have size 2. Direction 40.0 Newtons 3. Units = Newtons

What is Friction Then? o Friction: a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching There is NO SUCH THING as a completely smooth surface!!

Newton’s Laws 1.An object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an motion unless acted upon by an outside force outside force 2. Force = mass x acceleration 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Levers A simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point Fulcrum: pivot point

Inclined Planes Simple machine that is a straight, slanted surfaceSimple machine that is a straight, slanted surface The longer an inclined plane is compared to its height, the greater the mechanical advantage

Wheel and Axle Consists of two circular objects of different sizesConsists of two circular objects of different sizes The wheel allows the individual to spin the axle easier 1 st Circular Object 2 nd Circular Object

Pulleys Consists of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a cableConsists of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a cable

Compound Machines Machines that are made of two or more simple machinesMachines that are made of two or more simple machines The more moving parts, the more mechanical advantage

Efficiency In Machine Machines can be made to be more efficientMachines can be made to be more efficient We do this by REDUCING… Lubricants: substances that are applied to surfaces to reduce friction between them

Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only change form.

Potential Energy – Stored energy Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion

The motion of molecules increases when heated and decreases when cooled. When energy is transformed from one form to another heat is the type of energy that is almost always a byproduct.

What happens to substances when they are heated or cooled? When objects are heated...theyWhen objects are heated...they When objects are cooled...theyWhen objects are cooled...they ***Water is the only exception...it actually expands as it cools

Conductors Materials that negative charges move easily throughMaterials that negative charges move easily through Charges are free to move aroundCharges are free to move around Good conductors: metals such as silver, aluminum, copper, and mercury

Insulators A material in which negative charges do not move well Found on electrical wire to keep you from shocks Good Insulators: Plastic, rubber, glass, wood, and air

What Is A Current? Current: the rate at which charges pass a given pointCurrent: the rate at which charges pass a given point Made by electrons moving in a wire

Circuits Complete, closed path through which electric charges flowComplete, closed path through which electric charges flow Closed Open

Two Types of Circuits 1. Series: all parts are connected in one loop1. Series: all parts are connected in one loop

Types Of Circuits 2. Parallel: different loads are located on separate branches2. Parallel: different loads are located on separate branches

Magnetic Poles Every magnet has two polesEvery magnet has two poles The parts of a magnet where the magnetic effects are the greatest

Types Of Waves 2 Types2 Types 1. Transverse Waves 2. Longitudinal Waves These two waves can be identified by the direction in which the particles of the medium vibrate compared with the direction in which the waves travel

Transverse Waves Transverse: waves that move acrossTransverse: waves that move across Particles in a transverse wave move across or perpendicular to the direction of the wave

Longitudinal Waves Longitudinal: the particles of a medium vibrate back and forth along the path that the wave travelsLongitudinal: the particles of a medium vibrate back and forth along the path that the wave travels

Properties of Waves Amplitude: the maximum distance the wave vibrates from its rest positionAmplitude: the maximum distance the wave vibrates from its rest position Larger the amplitude = taller wave

What Does Amplitude Mean? Small Amplitude = low energySmall Amplitude = low energy Large Amplitude = high energyLarge Amplitude = high energy

Wavelength Wavelength: the distance between any two adjacent crests or compressionsWavelength: the distance between any two adjacent crests or compressions

Frequency Frequency: the number of waves produced in a given amount of timeFrequency: the number of waves produced in a given amount of time Expressed in Hertz

Sound Waves are Longitudinal Remember COMPRESSIONS and RAREFACTIONS!!!! SOURCE Rarefactions Compressions

What Is Light? Electromagnetic Wave (EM): a wave that travels through matter or space and consists of electric and magnetic fields Electromagnetic Wave (EM): a wave that travels through matter or space and consists of electric and magnetic fields Field: area around an object that can exert a force, push, or pull on another object No contact is needed

Refraction Bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another Bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another

Reflection Allows us to see objects that do not produce their own light When light or any other waves bounces off an object When light or any other waves bounces off an object

Light and Color Color is produced by REFLECTION and ABSORPTION!!!! Color is produced by REFLECTION and ABSORPTION!!!! The colors that are REFLECTED are the colors that you can see!!!!!!

What Are Our Basic Colors? THE RAINBOW!!! THE RAINBOW!!! Meet ROY G. BIV ROYGBIV = RED = ORANGE = YELLOW = GREEN = BLUE = INDIGO = VIOLET

Electromagnetic Spectrum Name for the range of electromagnetic waves when they are placed in order of increasing frequency

Electromagnetic Spectrum Continued longWavelengthshort lowFrequencyhigh

Matter that consists of two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined Type of chemical mixture formed when one substance is dissolved in another Example: Water and Oil Water will be found on the bottom separated from the oil Example: Sugar and Water The sugar “disappears” in the water Example: Chocolate Syrup and Milk The syrup will fall to the bottom after letting it settle Example: Chocolate powder and Milk The powder will “disappear” in the milk

The amount of solute that can be completely dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature SOLUBLEINSOLUBLE Substance that is able to DISSOLVE in another Substance is not able to dissolve in another

 Solute – The part that gets dissolved  Solvent – The part that does the dissolving

Elements A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

Molecule – Are composed of atoms of two or more elements.

The Atom 3 parts 3 parts 1. Protons = positive charge 1. Protons = positive charge 2. Neutrons = neutral charge 2. Neutrons = neutral charge 3. Electrons = negative charge 3. Electrons = negative charge

Change of State Diagram

Physical Properties  Can be observed without changing what the object originally was EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Physical Changes  Changes in size, shape, or color (the object is still the same substance) EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES

Chemical Changes  Evident when we make a NEW SUBSTANCE!! EVIDENCE OF PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHANGES PHYSICAL CHANGES CHEMCIAL CHANGES SizeBubbling ShapeFlammable ColorDissolving/Dissolves

** A WAY TO FIGURE OUT HOW MUCH SUBSTANCE YOU CAN DISSOLVE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES** ** Match the temperature at the bottom with the grams of solute on the left side…where they meet is the solubility for that substance**