Remember WWI… 8 million people died ◦112,000 Americans Government increases in size and authority Did not make the world “safe for democracy” ◦Uprising of communism throughout the world

American Foreign Policy 1920 TO 1941

“War to end war has proved a failure. The war is won, yet nowhere is there peace, security, or happiness” - WOMEN’S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE

American Isolationism Withdraw from world affairs in the 1920s and 1930s o Avoid entanglement in European affairs o Shun the League of Nations o Promote world peace and disarmament

Washington Disarmament Conference

Five Power Treaty (1922) A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: U.S. Britain Japan France Italy Loophole - no restrictions on small warships

European Debts to the U.S. Allies owe the U.S. $10 billion Will not cancel debts, but reduces interest on balances

Hyper-Inflation in Germany (1923)

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy 62 nations signed Problems ◦no means of actual enforcement and ◦gave Americans a false sense of security

Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931) League of Nations condemned the action Japan leaves the League Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East

Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine (1932) U.S. would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force Japan was infuriated…the U.S. had conquered new territories a few decades earlier Japan bombed Shanghai in massive casualties

FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions FDR ◦the “good neighbor” respects himself and the rights of others Policy of non-intervention and cooperation

Good Neighbor Policy Gh2MSiU7gDU

FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933) FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the U.S. against Japan Maybe trade with the U.S.S.R would help the U.S. economy during the Depression.

Nye Committee Hearings ( ) The Nye Committee investigated the charge that WW I was needless and the U.S. entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death”] Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

Fascist Aggression 1935 Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & League of Nations (REARMING!) Mussolini attacks Ethiopia 1936 German troops sent into the Rhineland Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain

FDR’s “I Hate War” Speech (1936) hAFKMIyKW4

U.S. Neutrality

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect ◦Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations ◦Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations ◦Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I] ◦Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis (pay when goods are picked up) ◦Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War This limited the options of the President in a crisis America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

Roosevelt’s View Roosevelt was an internationalist Yet, he clearly favors the British

Spanish Civil War ( ) The American “Lincoln Brigade”

Panay Incident (1937) December 12, Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River The river was an international waterway

Panay Incident (1937) Japan was testing U.S. resolve! Japan apologized, paid U.S. an indemnity, and promised no further attacks Most Americans were satisfied with the apology Results ◦Japanese interpreted U.S. tone as a license for further aggression against U.S. interests ◦

Fascist Aggression 1938 Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact (AXIS) Munich Agreement - APPEASEMENT!

Munich Conference Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain (Britain), Daladier (France)…give Germany control of Sudetenland Appeasement - giving in to demands to avoid a larger conflict Hitler feels wronged by Treaty of Versailles European nations quickly rearm

War!!! 1939 German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact Italy occupies Albania Britain & France wage war if Germany takes Poland Non Aggression Pact – Hitler & Stalin – split Poland September 1, 1939 German troops march into Poland - blitzkrieg – WWII begins!!! September 3 – Allied Forces declare war on Germany

Review Animated Map ons/129266/Animated-WW2-Map- Europe

Winston Churchill New British Prime Minister Knows Hitler is dangerous 1940 – Italy declares war on Britain & France Atlantic Charter

1939 Neutrality Act In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way ◦U.S. could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis ◦FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which U.S. ships and citizens could not enter

1939 Neutrality Act Results Aggressors could not send ships to buy U.S. munitions. U.S. economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the recession America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy”

Cash Carry Policy Revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents ◦as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation Purpose ◦to hold neutrality between the United States and European countries while still giving material aid to Britain Exploiting the fact that Germany had no funds and could not reliably ship across the British-controlled Atlantic

Lend – Lease Act (1941) Supplies Allied Countries vast amounts of war materials between 1941 and 1945 An act to further promote the Defense of the U.S. Ends the pretense of the neutrality of the United States ◦Hitler recognized this and in response ordered German submarines to attack US vessels such as the SS Robin Moor, an unarmed merchant steamship sunk on 21 May 1941 outside of the war zone

Lend – Lease Act (1941) Great Britain $31 billion Soviet Union $11 billion France $ 3 billion China $1.5 billion Other European $500 million South America $400 million Amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 “A date which will live in infamy”

Take Out Your Maps! Label Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Admiral Yamamoto

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy, during the decisive early years of the Pacific War Responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor and Midway. Died when American codebreakers identified his flight plans and his plane was shot down. His death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during World War II

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Plane

U.S.S. Arizona, Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor U.S. was able to intercept and break Japan's secret codes Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor - sent the message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack

Pearl Harbor It was a Sunday morning - U.S. military was taken off guard 2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Attack Scene ◦ Impact/Damage on U.S. o 2,380 U.S. military and civilians lost their lives o 1,178 U.S. military and civilians wounded o 21 ships and 350 planes sunk or damaged

Why Pearl Harbor? Preventative Measures ◦U.S. has a huge Naval fleet ◦Japan wanted to continue take over in the Pacific Relations with the U.S. ◦1940 – embargoed shipments of scrap metal to Japan and closed the Panama Canal to Japanese shipments ◦July 1941 – Froze Japanese assets and embargoed oil and gasoline exports to Japan ◦Japan gets 80% of their oil from the U.S.